STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY
          PNEUMOCOCCUS.

VIII. NATURE OF THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION SYSTEMS IN STERILE
            P~~u~ococ~~s EXTRACTS.

BY JAMES M. NEILL, PH.D., APiD OSWALD T. AVERY, M.D.
(From the hospital of The RocPejcller Institute for Medical Reseaxh.)

(Received for publication, December 4, 1924.)

INTRODUCTION.

Preceding papers (l-7) have described a number of different oxida-
tion-reduction processes which are exhibited by sterile extracts of pneu-
mococci: the production of peroxide, the consumption of molecular
oxygen, the reduction of methylene blue, the oxidation of hemotoxin,
and the oxidation of hemoglobin with formation of methemoglobin,
as well as the oxidation of various endocellular hydrolyzing enzymes.

From the nature of these reactions it is evident that the sterile ex-
tracts contain active oxidation-reduction systems. These active
systems consist of two components: (1) a thermolabile constituent of
the pneumococcus cell which is not removed by washing; (2) thermo-
stable substances which are lacking in washed cells and which are not
necessarily of pneumococcus ori,&, since they may be supplied by
muscle infusion and yeast extract.

Two types of sterile pneumococcus extracts have been prepared: (1) broth
extracts of unwashed cells, (2) phosphate solution extracts of washed cells.  The
first type of extract contains both "complete" and active systems for peroxide
production, orcygen consumption, hemoglobin oxidation, and reduction of methy-
lcne blue and certain other substances.  The second type of extract contains
only "incomplete" systems which initiate the oxidation-reduction processes only
upon the "completion" of the systems by the addition of meat infusion, yeast
extract, or certain other substances.  The essential difference, then, between the
"complete" systems in broth extracts of unwashed cells and the "incomplete"
systems in saline extracts of washed cells is the presence or absence of the thermo-
stable constituent; i.e., of autoxidizable or easily oxidized substances. The
                        285


286   OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY IWEUMOCOCCUS. VIII

distinctions between the two types of pneumococcus extract are graphical!y
presented in Table I.

The activities of the extract which have been reported previously may be
<grouped under two headings, oxidations and reductions. All of the oxidations
reported are examples of "oxygen activation" and represent oxidations of sub-
stances themselves not reactive with molecular oxygen. In the absence of
osygcn these same sterile extracts manifest strong reducing powers-a character-
,&tic common to all living cells.  Thus, the sterile cell extracts exhibit two gen-

                       TABLE I.

Oxzdatiost-Reduction Systems of Sterile Extracts of Pneuntococcus.

sterile extract of.

unwashed pneumococcus cells.

Washed pneumococcus cells.

=

-

Oridation-reduc-
tion sptcms.

"Complete."

"Incomplete."

=

Activity.

nitItS or
oxidatioo-
reduction
systems.

+


+

Ozidafion.
"Oxygen acti-
vation."

+

-

/
. _






-

*C = thermolabile substance of bacterial origin; not removed by washing
cells.

i ISI = thermostable substance removed by washing bacteria; present in
kcated extracts of ye.zst, of animal and plant tissues.

era1 functions: in the presence of molecular osygen, the formation of oxidizing
agents, or "oxygen activation;" in the absence of molecular oxygen, the establkh-
ment of reducing conditions which are manifested in the reduction of such sub-
stances as methylene blue and methemoglobin. Moreover, not only are the
two types of reactions induced by the same extract, but the active systems them-
selves which in the presence of molecular oxygen form the oxidizing agents are
.apparently identical or at least closely related to the systems which establish
the rcducicg conditions in the absence of oxygen (2, 4).'  These relations may be

1 In an earlier paper (2) it was suggested that the essential difference between
peroxide production and mcthylene blue reduction consisted in the nature of
the hydrogen acceptor or oxygen donator.  However, it now seems preferable of
interpret the reduction activities of the extract upon [he basis of the conception
autlincd by Clzrk (S), rather than upon the basis of osygen or hydrogen transport.


JAMES M. XEILL AND OSWALD T. AVERY       287

presented schematically as follows, using the symbols C to represent the thermo-
labile cellular constituent and RET, the thermostable constituent of the active
systems.

1. Pneumococcus extracts in the presence of molecular oxygen.
C + RH + 02-+oxidizing agents.
Oxidizing agents + Hb-+MetEIb.
     "      "  $ hemotoxin or sucrase4nactive hemotoxin or inactive sucrase.

2. Pneumococcus extracts in the absence of molecular oxygen.

C + RII-+reducing conditions under which methylene blue and methemoglobin
are reduced.

If the active system be considered from this view-point, the inactivation of
the extract by exposure to air might be assigned to any one of severa different
causes. If the thermostable constituents represented by RH were irreversibly
oxidized, the inactivation of the system wouId be a natural sequence of the
oxidation of the extract.  However, the oxidation of the extract may not result
in the exhaustion of RU substances, either because of the presence of an excess
of these substances or because they represent, at least in part, molecules which
(in the presence of C) may be alternately oxidized and reduced.  If this is the
case, the inactivation of the extract would seem to be due to the destruction
or inactivation of the thermolabile cellular substance which has been designated
C. It has been shown in preceding papers that other labile substances such
as the intracellular enzymes and the endohemotoxin which are contained in
these same extracts, although themselves not directly involved in the oxidation
processes, are in turn destroyed by the oxidizin g agents which are formed when
the "complete system" type of pneumococcus extract is exposed to air.  Hence
the thermolabile cellular component of the oxidation system, although not
actually oxidized in the initial reaction, may be inactivated by the oxidizing
agents-which accumulate in the extract by reactions analogous to those which
under similar conditions inactivate sucrase and hemotoxin.

As indicated above, the inactivation of the described oxidation-
reduction systems of the sterile pneumococcus extracts may be due
to the destrcution or exhaustion of either of the two proposed constit-
uents of these systems.  The following experiments are designed to
determine which of these constituents is inactivated during the oxi-
dation of pneumococcus extracts.  The experiments consist in large
part of attempts to "reactivate" extracts which have been inactivated
through oxidation, by adding to them fresh meat infusion (RB) or
unoxidized washed cell extract (C). In addition, the relative ease


288   OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS. VIII

of oxidation of the cellular component of the oxidation systems is
compared with the susceptibility to oxidation of other labile substances
of pneumococcus origin, such as the hemotoxin and the hydrolyzing
enzymes contained in these extracts.  The investigation has been
confined to the methylene blue-reducing, and hemoglobin-oxidizing
systems, as type examples of the reducing and oxidizing activities of
the sterile extract.

EXPERIMENTAL.

Methods.

The sterile pneumococcus extracts used in this investigation have been prc-
pared in exactly the same manner described in a previous paper (7). Beth
types of extract have been used. To emphasize the fact that onl!, the broth
extract of unwashed cells contains the "complete" oxidation-reduction systems.
this type of extract is frequently referred to in the text as the "complete system"
type of extract.  For a similar reason, the phosphate solution extract of washed
cells is termed "incomplete system" type of extract. As in preirious papers,
the term "reduced" extract applies to extracts which have been protected from
oxidation; extracts which have been e.xposed to air are termed "oxidized"
extracts. The sterility of all preparations has been carefully controlled.
The procedure employed in tests of methylene blue reduction, hemoglobin

destruction, hemolysis, as well as the tests of activity of the hydrolyzing enzymes,
was the same as that previously described (3-6). The meat infusion used in
this study is also described in a former palJer (2).

Irtactipation of Puemnococcus Oxidation-Reduction Systems in Un-

washed Cell Extracts Exposed to the Air.

Sterile broth extracts of unwashed pneumococci contain the "com-
plete" oxidation-reduction systems.  When this type of extract is ex-
posed to the air, marked oxidative reactions occur, such as peroxide
production, hemoglobin oxidation, and oxygen consumption.  One of
the results of these oxidation processes is the complete inactivation of
the systems responsible for the oxidation-reduction reactions. If
stored in the reduced state protected from molecular oxygen, these
extracts retain their activity for many months even at room tem-
perature. These facts may be recalled from previous reports, which
it is unnecessary to review in detail.


        JAMES N. NEILL AND OSWALD T. AVERY       289

Attempts to "Acthate" Extracts Which Have Been Rendered Inactive
           by Exposure to Air.

1. Failure of Acti-~ation of Oxidized Extracts by the Addition of tire
       Thermostable Component (RH);

If the inactivation of extracts which have been exposed to air is due
to the irreversible oxidation of the thermostable component (RB)
(i.e. to the exhaustion of easily oxidized molecules), the addition of
meat infusion to the oxidized extract should result in its activation in

TABLE II.

Elipct of ihe Addition of the Thermostuble Component fo Pneumococcus Extracts
       Which Haze Been Inactivated by Exposure to Air.

CC.

0.8
0.4
0.4

--
     a
%     s
r;
G  4
     3
--
CC. cc.
    0.4







0.4
0.4

Broth extract of    Reduced
unwashed cells  broth extracts of
which had been  unwashed cells
inactivated by   (thermostable
exposure to air.   component).

%
5
m

0.4

0.4
0.4

---
     cc. cc.
    0.4   0.2


        0.2
        0.2
0.4       0.2
        0.2
0.4       0.2

Sfethylene blue reduction

Complete, 2 hrs.,
30 min.
Partial, 3 days.
" 3 "
" 3 "
" 3 `i
" 3 "

Hemoglobin oxi-
iation (formation
of methemo-
  globin).

-I-

the same manner as does the addition of meat infusion to the washed
cell extracts (2, 3, 5).

Similarly, the addition of an extract of unwashed cells in which the
thermolabile component has been destroyed by heat should have the
same effect as the addition of meat infusion, since both contain only
the thermostable substances. If it is the thermostable substances
which are destroyed as a result of the oxidation, the addition of fresh
substances of a similar nature should restore the activity of the oxi-
dized extract.  A number of experiments have been made to test these
relations; a typical example is given below.


290  OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS. VIII

Broth extract of unwashed cells ("complete system" type of extract) was es-
posed to air for 18 hours at 37oC. The extract upon aeration formed peroxide,
but after 18 hours the peroxide had practically disappeared. As shown in
previous experiments, the extract after oxidation no longer contains "complete"
or active systems for methylene blue reduction and hemoglobin destruction.
The thermostable component of the oxidation systems (as represented by fresh
meat infusion and by heated "reduced" broth extract) was added to the ox-
idized extract and tests made of the methylene blue-reducing and hemoglobin-
oxidizing powers of the mixtures.

Results of experiments of this nature (Table II) prove that the
activity of cell extracts which has been destroyed through oxidation
cannot be restored by the addition of the thermostable components
present in meat infusion or heated extracts.  Therefore the exhaus-
tion of the thermostable component cannot explain the inactivation
of these extracts by oxidation.

2. Activation of Oxidized Extracts by the Addition of the Thermolabile,
          Gellular Component.

The failure to "reactivate" oxidized extracts by the addition of the
thermostable component of the oxidation systems indicates that the
thermolabile, cellular constituent of the system is injured by the oxi-
dation processes. Provided the thermolabile component alone is
destroyed, the oxidized extract will still contain the thermostable
component. To investigate this question, experiments have been con-
ducted in which washed cell extracts, which have been shown to con-
tain only the thermolabile component, have been added to extracts
previously inactivated by oxidation. The experiments, therefore,
are tests of the possibility of "reactivating" the oxidized, inactive
systems by the addition of the thermolabile, cellular component.

T~zermolabilc Companenf.-The thermolabile, cellular component was obtained
by the use of an extract of washed cells which had previously been found to con-
tain only the thermolabile component and to be by itself inactive.
Thermosfable Component.-The thermostable component was obtained by
destroying the thermolabile component by heating and by oxidation.  As con-
trols, both the oxidized and unoxidized extracts were used in the heated state.
Test Xixtures.--Mixtures were made of known amounts of the thermolabile
and thermostable component and the activity of the resultant mixture was
determined by observations of the methylene blue-reducing and hemoglobin-
oxidizing powers. The results arc given in Tnb!e III.


        JAMES M. NEILL AND OSWALD T. AVERY       291

In the previous experiment it was shown that the addition of the
thermostable component to an oxidized extract does not restore its
activity. In the present experiment, however, it is evident that the
addition of the thermolabile component to the oxidized extract re-
sults in the complete restoration of activity.  Hence, the loss in ac-
tivity of an oxidized extract represents the inactivation of the ther-
molabile component. On the other hand, the thermostable component


                        TABLE III.

Eject of the Addi!ion of the Thermolabile Component to P~umococcus Extracts
      Which Eave Been Inadivated by Exposure to Air.

                     e
        Broth extrac       `d
PO, solntior  of unwashec
extract of   cells pm-    H
washed cells  viously inac
(thcrmolabilc  tivated by    8                               MetHb
                                                    formation.
component)   exposure to
           air.     4
              1        Idethylene blue reduction.
                     8
        8

    -  -  - --     ::                              -  -
-3               `3
J                   El
J  2  $  ?j        .-
        2        7                        .d
4                                        il  2
3   d   6   64       51                           3   *
    -  -  - -_     -                             -  -
cc    cc.   cc.   cc.       cc.
    0.4  0.4             Incomplete, 3 days.           -   -

u.4      0.4             Complete, 3 hrs., 15 min.      +  +
0.4         0.4                " 3  " 1.5  "      +  +
0.4                          " 3  "           +  +
0.4                 1.4         " 3  " 1.5 min.      +  +
    D.4             1.4     Incomplete, 3 days.           -   -
     -               -                             -  -
remains relatively unaffected not only by oxidation but by heat, since
in the present experiment, the heated and unheated oxidized extracts
exhibit comparable activity when suitably complemented by the ther-
molabile component. It is interesting to note that the thermostable
component is but little if at all affected by the oxidation of the extract.
In the presence of the thermolabile constituents, the thermostable
substances in oxidized extracts function practically as well as do those
present in extracts which have been heated but never exposed to oxi-

-
-


292    OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS. VIII

dation.  Although not quantitative, these data suggest that the ther-
mostable constituents are either present in great excess, or that they
consist, in part, of substances which may be alternately oxidized and
reduced.

EJect of Exposure to Air upon the Subsequent Ai-tidy of Washed Cell
                 Extracts.

The preceding experiments have demonstrated that it is the thermo-
labile component (an actual constituent of the pneumococcus cell)
which is destroyed during the oxidation of the "complete system"
type of extract.  In previous studies it has been found that during the
oxidation of these extracts other thermolabile substances of cellular
origin, such as pneumococcus hemotoxin, sucrase, amylase, raffinase,
and inulase, are also destroyed.  In spite of the destruction of the
hemotoxin and enzymes in oxidized unwashed cell extracts, in the
"incomplete" or washed cell extracts these substances proved rela-
tively stable when exposed to air. The following experiment was
conducted to determine the effect of exposure to air upon the subse-
quent activity of the thermolabile cellular component of the oxida-
tion-reduction systems in washed cell extracts.

Phosphate solution extract of washed pneumococci (the "incomplete system"
type of extract) was errposed to air in a shallow layer in an Erlenmeyer flask,
held in a water bath at 37oC. After 1 hour, 3 hours, and 21 hours exposure,
0.6 cc. of the aerated extract was pIaced in duplicate reduction tubes together
with 0.6 cc. of meat infusion or 0.6 cc. of yeast extract, and 0.2 cc. of 1:2,000
methylcne blue was added to each tube.  The reduction tubes were sealed and
incubated at 37oC. The time required for dye reduction by the extract pre-
viously e.xposed to air was compared with that required by the extract which
had not been exposed to air.

The effect of exposure to air upon the subsequent hemoglobin-oxidizing power
was tested by the usual method.  The results are given in Table IV.
The results of experiments of this type (Table IV) indicate that
when exposed to air in the washed cell extract, the thermolabile con-
stituent of the methylene blue-reducing and hemoglobin-oxidizing
systems suffers a gradual loss in activity. This loss is extremely
slow, and demonstrable only after prolonged periods of exposure.
This is in striking contrast to the rapid inactivation which occurs


JAMES M. NEILL AND OSWALD T. AVERY       293

whenever the "complete system" type of extract is exposed to air.
However, the fact that the potential activity of this thermolabile
cellular substance is injured at all under these conditions is evidence
of greater susceptibility to oxidation than that exhibited by the en-
zymes and hemotoxin in the same extracts. Although both are ex-
tremely labile substances, neither pneumococcus hemotoxin nor
sucrase is inactivated to a detectable degree when washed cell extracts
are exposed to molecular oxygen for 24 to 48 hours. Since it is
gradually destroyed by prolonged exposure to air in the washed cell
extracts, the thermolabile component of pneumococcus oxidation-

TABLE IV.

The Eject oj Exposure to Air upon the Subsequmt Activity of Washed Cell Extracts.

                     Activity of washed cell extract after exposure to air.
Washed crll
extract exposed                         Hemoglobin oxidation (methemoglobin
to air at 3i"C. for. LMcat infusi.n Methylene blue reduction  formation) after following periods at 37oC.

          added to    (time for reduction).
                                    30 min.     I hr.      4 brs.
         extract after
   hrs.     exposure to
    0        air.     2 hrs., 30 min.      +      ff     ++
    1                 2  L` 30 "       +     ++     ff
    3                 2  `L 30 "       +     ++     ++
   24                3  " 15 "        -      +     ++

reduction systems appears to be the most easily oxidized among all
of the labile constituents of the pneumococcus cell which have yet
been described.

Comparison of the Injluence of Heat and of Oxidation upon the Subse-
quest Activity of the Various Labile Cellular Substances in
      Sterile Extracts of Washed Pneumococci.

The results of a-previous investigation showed that the known endo-
cellular enzymes of Pneumococcus vary in their relative resistance to
oxidation, their resistance decreasing in the following order: pepton-
ase, lipase, bacteriolytic enzyme, sucrase, and other carbohydrate-
hydrolyzing enzymes.  This order of relative resistance is maintained
whether the oxidizing agents employed be the reagent hydrogen per-
oxide or the oxidizing agents formed during the oxidation of pneumo-


294   OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS. VIII

coccus extracts. It was further found that the order of resistance
of these enzymes to oxidation agrees with the relative order of resist-
ance of the same enzymes to heat. Data previously presented which
are collected together in the following pages, demonstrate that this
relation does not apply to the thermolabile cellular constituent which
is concerned in methylene blue reduction and hemoglobin oxidation.

TABLE V.

Cumparisolt qi the Influence of Heat and of Oxidation u@t the Subsequent Activity
   oj the Various Cellular Szrbstances in Sterile Ptteumococcus Ex!racts.

Labile cellular constit-
uent of methylene
blue-reducing   and
hemoglobin-oxidizing
systems.

Lipase.

Sucrase.

Hemotoxin.

=









-.

-

ZZ
I

Resistance to heat.

Completely destroyed.
10 min at 65oC.

Completely destroyed.
10 min. at 65oC.

Completely destroyed.
10 min. at 55oC.
Completely destroyed.
1 min. at SST.*

Resistance to oxidation.

Exposed to the oxida
tion uroducts which
8x formed when uw
washed cell extracts
are exposed to air.

Completely de-
stroyed.

Unaffected.

Partially   de-
stroyed.
Completely de-
stroyed.

-

L`





- _

Exposed 24 brp. to
0.003 per cent Hzo2.

Completely de-
stroyed.

Unaffected.

Partially de-
stroyed.
Partially de-
stroyed.

* Unpublished observation.

The oxidized portion of extract was prepared as follows: A titrated dilute
solution of "Dioxogen" was added to washed cell extract in amount sufficient
to give a concentration of 0.003 per cent of hydrogen peroxide.  The peroxide-
treated extract was sealed with Vaseline and gave a faint peroxide test with
bcnzidine.  The heated extract was e.xposed to WC. for 10 minutes in a sealed
tube.

The activity of the various cellular constituents in portions of the original
extract, heated extract, and pero.xide-treated extract was tested and described
in a preceding paper (6).

The results of the above experiments, together with data from pre-
crding papers, are summarized in Table V.  It is evident (Table V)


JAMES M. NEILL AND OSWALD T. AVERY       295

that the thermolabile cellular constituent which is involved in the
described oxidation reactions is extremely sensitive to hydrogen per-
oxide, an oxidizing agent similar in nature to those which accumulate
in aerated pneumococcus extracts.  In a preceding paper (6) a study
was made of the resistance of different enzymes of Pneumococcus to
various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide.  The resistance of the
different enzymes to this oxidizing agent was found to be comparable
to the relative resistance of the same enzymes to heat; i.e., enzymes
which proved more resistant to heat were also more resistant to hydro-
gen peroxide. Quite d ff
              i erent relations arc evident in the above
results as concerned the labile cellular component of the oxidation-
reduction system.  This labile constituent of Pneumococcus is far more
sensitive to oxidation than is the pneumococcus lipase although both
exhibit approximately equal heat resistance. Further, hemotoxin
and sucrase, although much more heat-labile than the cellular con-
stituent of the oxidation systems, are less susceptible to inactivation
by oxidation.

Destruction of the Thermolabile Conslitueut of the Oxidizing-Reducing

Systems in Aerobic Cultures of Pnewnococcus.

The destruction of hydrolyzing enzymes which occurs during the
oxidation of sterile pneumococcus cell extracts is reflected in differ-
ences in the enzyme activity of the filtrates of anaerobic and aerobic
cultures (7). The endocellular substances freed by autolysis are
destroyed by oxidation in aerobic cultures in a ,manner apparently
analogous to the destruction of the same substances when exposed
to the oxidation products formed in the sterile cell extracts. In
another paper from this laboratory (9) it has been shown that the
methemoglobin-forming system is inactivated in aerobic cultures
just as in "oxidized" cell extracts.  The rapid destruction of both the
methylene blue-reducing and hemoglobin-oxidizing systems when the
cell extracts are oxidized has been shown in the present paper to be
due to the inactivation of the thermolabile cellular constituent.  Ex-
periments were made to determine if the destruction of this constituent
is also the cause of the inactivation of'the systems in the case of aero-
bic culture filtrates.  Since the cellular component of the oxidation-


296   OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS. VIII

reduction system is endocellular, the tests were made on autolyzed
cultures.

It was found that filtrates of autolyzed anaerobic cultures possess
an active methylene blue-reducing system, as well as the hemoglobin-
oxidizing system reported previously, while filtrates of aerobic cultures
do not possess these active systems.  The inactivity of the filtrates
of the aerobic cultures is due to the destruction of the thermolabile
cellular substances, probably by tk: same reactions as those which
inactivate the sterile cell extracts.

DISCUSSION.

In the preceding papers of this series (l-7), the oxidizing and re-
ducing activities of sterile pneumococcus extracts have been described.
The nature of these reactions is determined by the presence or absence
of molecular oxygen.  In the presence of molecular oxygen the active
extracts have been shown to exhibit the following activities: con-
sumption of molecular oxygen, formation of peroxide, oxidation of
hemoglobin, oxidation or destruction of the endohemotoxin and intra-
cellular enzymes contained in pneumococcus extracts. All of these
oxidations are examples of "oxygen activation" whereby substances
themselves not reactive with molecular oxygen are easily oxidized
by agents formed during the oxidation of other substances.  If molecu-
lar oxygen is absent or the supply restricted, these same extracts es-
tablish conditions which result in the reduction of methylene blue and
methemoglobin.  Analysis of these processes shows that the active
systems consist of two components, one of which is thermolabile, the
other thermostable.  The thermolabile component is an actual con-
stituent of the Pneumococcus and is not removed by washing the cells.
The thermostable component is not necessarily of pneumococcus ori-
gin and may be supplied by adding yeast extract or meat infusion to
extracts prepared from washed bacteria.  The marked oxidation
reactions which occur when an active extract is exposed to air, re-
sult in the inactivation of the oxidizing and reducing systems.  The
results of the present study show that the thermostable substances are
still active in oxidized extracts and that the inactivation of the oxi-
dation-reduction systems is due to the destruction of the thermolabile
cellular constituent.  This cellular substance is not only rapidly de-


JAMES M. XEILL AND OSWALD T. AVERY       297

strayed by products formed durin g oxidation but is gradually inacti-
vated by molecular oxygen itself.  Moreover, the labile component of
the oxidation system is more susceptible to the action of the reagent
hydrogen peroxide than is any other known intracellular substance
of pneumococcus origin.

In the interpretation of the interaction of these two components with
molecular oxygen, the formula C + RH has been used to represent
the system in these extracts by which peroxide is formed and hemo-
globin oxidized. It is assumed that the thermostable substances
(RI!) are the actual source of the oxidizing agents and that the thermo-
labile cellular substance (C) serves as a catalyst in accelerating the
reactions involved. The fact that the cellular component is inac-
tivated by oxidation is not a serious objection to its catalytic nature.
Evidence presented in another paper makes it clear that thermolabile
cellular substances of ferment nature, such as the hydrolyzing enzymes,
which are not concerned in oxidation and reduction, are inactivated
by agents formed during the oxidation of pneumococcus extracts.
In view of the high degree of susceptibility toperoxides of the thermo-
labile component, it is reasonable to assume that the oxidation-re-
duction systems may be destroyed by the same reactions which in-
activate the hemotoxin and enzymes contained in the extracts.  In
fact, the inactivation of catalytic agents by products of their own
activity is a common phenomenon.  The order of reactions would
seem to be analogous to that previously proposed for the oxidation of
hemoglobin, hemotoxin, and sucrase.

            (1)  C + RH + 02+oxidizing agent.
           (2)  Oxidizing agent + C-inactive C.
Here it is inferred that C functions in equation (1) as a thermolabile,
cellular catalyst.  Its inactivation in equation (2) is assumed to
represent simply the destruction of a labile substance which is very
easily inactivated by the oxidizing agents present in the aerated ex-
tract.

While our knowledge of theoxidation-reduction systems of Pneumo-
coccus is still incomplete, the work thus far accomplished has resolved
the system into two components, the nature of which may be char-
acterized as follows: The component RE represents substances which
are not present in the Pneumococcus after thorough washing.  These


298    OXIDATION AND REDUtTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS.   VIII

substances are relatively heat-stable, resisting boiling for prolonged
periods of time.  They are present in water or alcohol extracts of
muscle, yeast, and vegetable tissue.  By themselves, these substances
react slowly with molecular oxygen to form oxidizing agents, and, in
the absence of molecular oxygen, they establish conditions under
which methylene blue and methemoglobin are slowly reduced. Al-
though separately these substances are but slowly reactive, in the
presence of the second component the reactions of oxidation and re-
duction are markedly accelerated.  This labile cellular component, re-
ferred to as C, represents substances which are resident in the Pneumo-
coccus and are not removed by washing the cells.  This component is
thermolabile, being inactivated by exposure to 65oC. for 10 minutes.
By itself it is wholly non-reactive with molecular oxygen and possesses
no reducing power.  This cellular component seems to be catalytic
in nature, since it greatly accelerates reactions of oxidation and re-
diction in the presence of the other component of the system.  When
present together, these substances constitute systems responsible
for many of the biological oxidations and reductions of the living
cell.

SUMMARY.

1. The systems responsible for oxidation and reduction in the pneu-
mococcus cell have been shown to con&t of two components, the
nature of which has been discussed.

2. The oxidizing and reducing power of active extracts of pneumo-
cocci is inactivated by exposure to air,  This loss in activity is due to
an inactivation of the thermolabile cellular component consequent on
secondary reactions analogous to those which under similar conditions
destroy the hemotoxin and enzymes in pneumococcus extracts.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Avery, 0. T., and NeilI, J. M., J. Erp. Med., 1924, xxxix, 347.
2. Avery, 0. T., and Neill, J. M., J. Exp. Med., 1924, xxxix, 357.
3. Avery, 0. T., and Neil!, J. M., J. Exp. Med., 1924, xxxix, 543.
4. Avery, 0. T., and Neill, J. ht., J. Exp. Med., 1924, xxxix, 745.
5 Neill, J. M., and Avery, 0. T., J. Exp. Med., 1924, xxxix, 7.57.
6. Neill, J. hf.., and Avery, 0. T., J. Exp. Med., 1924, xl, 405.
7. Neill, J. hi., nnd Avery, 0. T., J. Exp. Med., 1924, xl, 423.
8. Clark, W. M., Pub. Health Rep., LT. S. P. H., 1923, xxxviii, 443.
9. Morgan, H. J.> and Neill, J. >I., J. Exp. Med., 1924, xl, 269.