Index Ad valorem taxes 228 Addiction models of 232-232 Adolescents price elasticity of demand 229, 232 smoking prevalence of 72 Advertising of tobacco bans 128-129, 249, 250, 260, 262,184 economics 118-119 expenditures 218 legislation 248.250,291-194 Age factors, costs of smoking 722 Age-specific mortality 85-86 Airborne smoke inhalation 19.20,22 Allen & Ginter 29 Alternative crops 126 American Brands, Inc. 35,36 American Cigar Company 29 American Revolution 26 American Snuff 29 American Stogie 29 American Tobacco Company 29,31-33,35 Antismoking movements, early 30-31 Antitobacco activities, Latin America and the Caribbean, see Chapter 6, Appendix 1 Antitobacco education Chile 187,189 Cuba 289 Antitobacco legislation, impact 261 Antitobacco organizations, Latin America and the Caribbean, see Chapter 6, Appendix 1 Antitrust case of 1911 32 Argentina tobacco subsidies 123 tobacco-control commission 294 Attitudes towards smoking 71,78-79 Attributable risk calcmations 109-l 20 Birthrate 62 Bladder cancer, mortality from 86-89,91-93 Bolivia, tobacco-control commission 294 Bonsack, James 29 Brand preferences 40-41 Brazil antismoking campaign costs 114 early tobacco production and trade 26 health care system 123 sales restrictions 253 tobacco growing 222 tobacco subsidies 222 tobacco-control commission 294 British Colonies, tobacco production and trade 23-25 British-American Tobacco Company, Ltd. 32.33,35-40, 43,44 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation 32 Bull Durham 28 C Canada health care system 213 minors' tobacco access regulations 157 Non-smokers' Health Act 153,156 product labeling requirements 252 public smoking restrictions 153-754 tobacco-control program 159-l 60, 284 tobacco diversification plan 226 tobacco subsidies 223 tobacco taxation 233 Tobacco Products Control Act 128,249,151, 284 workplace smoking restrictions 256 Cancer mortality, see specific types Carbon monoxide yield, cigarette brands 288-189 Caribbean advertising-control legislation 150 health education 262 prevalence of smoking, see Chapter 3 product labeling requirements 252 public smoking restrictions 254 tobacco industry 42-48 tobacco manufacturing and trade 25-26 tobacco taxation 237 workplace smoking restrictions 157 youth smoking regulations 258 Caribbean Community, tobacco control activities of 285 Cartel of 1903 32 Cause-specific mortality 85.89,91-92 Centers for Disease Control, tobacco-control programs 183,184 Cerebrovascular disease, mortality from S&89,91-93 Chewing, tobacco 20 Chicago Anti-Cigarette League 30 Chile antitobacco education 287,189 sales restrictions 152-153 smoking and health organization 194 smoking prevalence estimates 68-70 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mortality from 86-89,91-93 Cigar manufacturing, nineteenth century 27 Cigarette characteristics 116-217 Cigarette, development and emergence, see Chapter 2 Cigarette manufacturing early development of 28-29 legislation 148 Cigarette package labeling 250-252 Cigarette-manufacturing machine 29 Cigarettes, popularity 29-31 Civil War 27-28.29 209 Coalitions, tobacco-control 294 Coding, mortality 83 Colonies, North American, tobacco production and trade 23-25 Columbus, Christopher 19 Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act 160 Comuuero Rebellion 42-43 Constituents, labeling of, in tobacco products 251 Consumer demand for tobacco 21.5118 Consumer preferences 40 Consumption, see Tobacco consumption Consumption patterns, Latin America and the Caribbean 46-48 Contraband, see Smuggling, cigarette Coronary heart disease, mortality from 86-89,91-93 Cost-of-illness studies incidence-based 122-212 prevalence-based llO-222,112 Costs of smoking considerations and calculations 205, 207-120 productivity measures 207-208 smoking-related illness 222-222 Crop substitution 126 Cuba antitobacco education 289 early tobacco production and trade 26,27 sales restrictions 253 Customs duties 127 D De Medici, Queen Catherine 23 Deforestation 125 Demographic characteristics 61-65 Developing countries, costs of smoking-related illness 222 Dingley Tariff 30 Direct cost estimates, smoking-related diseases Distribution, tobacco 221-222 Diversification, tobacco companies 34-35 Canada 126 Drinking, tobacco 20-21 Duke, James 28-29 Duke of Durham 28 Duke, Washington 28 E - Economic growth, tobacco in 225-126 Economic predictions, tobacco production 127 Economics, tobacco and health, see Chapter 4 Ecuador, smoking and health organization 194 Education, tobacco 287, 297-202 Educational attainment 63-64 Eight-city survey, smoking prevalence 66-67 Enema, tobacco 22 107 Environmental tobacco smoke, restrictions on 153-157 Epidemiologic transition 205 Esophageal cancer, mortality from 86-89, 91-92 Excise taxes effect on consumption 129-233 manufactured cigarettes 191 post-Civil War 29-30 United States, nineteenth century 29-30 Exportation of tobacco during American Revolution 26 Externalities, economic 125 F Farming, tobacco 220-221 Foreign investments, tobacco companies 33-34 France, model legislation 261 G Gallaher Tobacco Ltd. 35 Gallup Organization, prevalence surveys 67-68 Gaston, Lucy Page 30 H Hanson Trust Ltd. 35 Havana Commercial 29 Havana Tobacco 29 Hawkins, Sir John 23 Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Hispanic 71-72 National 131 Health care financing 11-7.114,135-236 Health care systems Latin America and the Caribbean 123-214 North America 113 Health consequences latent, of smoking 105 taxation 133-13`4 Health economics, see Chapter 4 Health education, legislation for 158-161 Health objectives for the nation, year 2000 183-284 Health warning legislation for 292-294 statements of 150-152 I Imperial Tobacco Company 32.33,36 Import substitution 226 Import tariffs 127 Importation and exportation 222,224, 225, 226 Income distribution 64-65 Income elasticity 116 Indigenous societies, tobacco use in, see Chapter 2 Indirect cost estimates, smoking-related diseases 207-108 210 Initiation of smoking 68,69,72 Insurance, health 1%114,135136 International competition, tobacco companies 35 International growth, tobacco companies 33-34 International Union Against Cancer 185,186 Interventions, legislative, see Chapter 5 1 James I, King 24 Knowledge of smoking 77,78-79 Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Company 35 Kress, Dr. D.H. 30 L Labeling requirements 150-152 Labor force 64-65 Laryngeal cancer, mortality from 86.89,91-93 Latency of health consequences of smoking 205 Latin America advertising-control legislation 250 health education 161 prevalence of smoking, see Chapter 3 product labeling requirements 152 pubIic smoking restrictions 154 tobacco industry 42-48 tobacco manufacturing and trade 25-26 tobacco taxation 128,131,133,134 workplace smoking restrictions 157 youth smoking regulations 258 Latin American Coordinating Committee on Smoking Control 185-286, 187,196 Legislation antitobacco, impact of 161 health education 158-161 purposes 147 tobacco-control programs 191-193 tobacco-control, see Chapter 5 see also Restrictions Licensing agreements, transnational tobacco corporations 35-36 Licensing, tobacco retailers 158 Licking, tobacco 21 Life expectancy 61-62,83-84 Lifetime costs, smoking-related illness 112-212 Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company 32 Local taxes 128 Loews Corporation 35 Lorillard 27,33,35 Lorillard, Pierre 27 Lung cancer mortality from 86-89,91-93 mortality index 89.91,93 M Manufacturing, tobacco 121 Caribbean 25-26 Latin America 25-26 North America 24-25,26-29 Market entry 40 Market penetration, Latin America and the Caribbean 43-45 Mass media advertising, legislation on 248-150 Methodologic issues, prevalence and mortality 93-96 Methodology, smoking-attributable mortality calculations 81-83 Mexico, smoking and health organization 194 Migration, internal 62-63 Minors, tobacco access laws 157-158 Model legislation, French law 261 Mortality estimates 84-85 Mortality index 89.91,93 Mortality, smoking-attributable, see Chapter 3 Municipal taxes 128 Municipal workplace smoking restrictions 156-157 N Nabisco Inc. 35 National Cancer Institute 183, 184 National control programs, see Chapter 6 National Health Interview Survey 229 Native tobacco use 19-23 transcendental purpose 22-23 Navigation Acts 24 New Zealand, tobacco promotion bans 129 Nicotine yield, cigarette brands 188-189 Non-smokers' Health Act, Canada 153,156,184 Nonsmoking smoker-type 109 North America advertising-control legislation 149 cigarette manufacturing 28-29 health education 159-161 product labeling requirements 151-152 public smoking restrictions 153-154 tobacco manufacturing and trade 24-25,26-28 workplace smoking restrictions 256-157 youth smoking regulations 157-158 0 Ogden's Imperial Tobacco, Ltd. 32 Oligopoly markets 227-219 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, United States 132-133 Oral cancer, mortality from 86-89,91-93 211 Pan American Health Organization prevalence surveys 66.67,70-77 regional tobacco control activities 285 Panama, smoking and health organization 194-195 Pension and disability funds 112-214,135.136 Percutaneous use, tobacco 22 Peru, smoking and health organization 194-195 Philip II, King 23 Philip Morris Companies 33-34,35-40,41 Population configuration, Latin America and the Caribbean 61-62 Prevalence estimates Gallup Organization 67-68 Pan American Health Organization 66-67, 70-71 reproductive health surveys 68-70 Prevalence of smoking adolescents 71 adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean 76-77 adults in Latin America and the Caribbean 72-75 by sex 66.67,68-69 Chile 68-70 country-specific surveys 72-79 educational attainment 69-70 eight-city survey 66-67 Hispanic Americans 71-72 physicians 71 pregnant women 70 reproductive health surveys 68-70 women 68-70, 71 women of childbearing age 78 Prevention and control program elements 186-195 Prevention programs, status of, see Chapter 6 Price elasticity 129-131 Price of tobacco products 115 Pro Bono Public0 28 Product technology 40-41 Production and supply 119-121 Production controls 125-126 Profitability of tobacco industry 41-42 Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, United States 149 Public information campaigns 189 R _______ R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company 32,35-40 Raleigh, Sir Walter 23-24 Rational addiction model 131-132 Reemtsma GmbH & Company 35 Regional Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of Tobacco 185 Registration of mortality 82 Relative risk due to smoking 87-89 Reproductive health surveys 68-70 Restrictions advertising 348-150,191-194 consumer demand, effect on 116 sales to adults 152-153 sales to minors 147, 157-158, 161, 167,168,171, 173,183,191,194 smoking in public places 153-154 smoking in the workplace 154, 156-157 sponsorship 149,150 tobacco-control legislation 192-193 Retailers, tobacco licensing 158 Ritual tobacco use 22-23 Rolfe, John 23-24 Rothmans International Tobacco Ltd. 35-40 S Sales restrictions adults 152-153 minors 747, 157-158, 761,167, 168, 171,173,183, 191,194 Seventh-Day Adventist Church, cessation programs 189-190 Small, Edward Featherston 28 Smoking-attributable mortality, see Chapter 3 estimates 89,91-93 Smoking behavior, legislation to control, see Chapter 5 Smoking cessation economic benefits 117-112 programs 189-190 see also Chapter 6, Appendix 1 Smoking-control policies and programs, costs 114 Smoking restrictions, see Restrictions Smoking, tobacco 19,20,21-22 Smoking-attributable fraction, index go,93 Smoking-attributable mortality, calculations 82 Smoking-related deaths 85-89 Smoking-related illness, economics of, see Chapter 4 Smuggling, cigarette 12-1, 128-129 Snuffing, tobacco 21 Socioeconomic factors in Latin America 64-65 Socioeconomic groups, tax burden 134-135 Spanish tobacco trade, sixteenth century 23,25-26 Sponsorship, restrictions on 1`49,150 State taxes 128 Subna tional taxes 128-129 Subsidiaries and affiliates, transnational tobacco corporations 37 Subsidization, tobacco production 122-125 Substitution 125126 Surveillance prevalence of smoking 65-80 tobacco-control programs 186-187 Tar and nicotine yield 150-252 Tar yield, cigarette brands 188-189 212 Taxation, tobacco 127-136 control programs 190-191 government revenue from 128 increases 132-133 progressive taxes 134-135 regressive taxes 134-135 tax burden 134-135 see also Excise taxes Technology, tobacco production 125 Tobacco, cash crop 23-24 Tobacco companies, development and consolidation, see Chapter 2 Tobacco consumption advertising bans 119 economics, see Chapter 4 income 115 per capita, and gross national product 115717 restrictions, effect on 116 taxation, effect on 132-133 Tobacco control Canada 184 coalitions 194-l 95 future developments 48-49 Latin America and the Caribbean 185-186 United States 183-184 Tobacco distribution 121-122 Tobacco farming 120-121 Tobacco importation and exportation 122,124,125,126 Tobacco industry economics, see Chapter 4 structure 35-42 Tobacco ingestion, methods of 19,20-22 Tobacco manufacturing 121 Caribbean 25-26 Latin America 25-26 North America 24-25,26-28 Tobacco market prices 121 consumer demand 117-118 Tobacco prevention and control programs, status, see Chapter 6 Tobacco processing 121 Tobacco production legislation 148 world 119-121 Tobacco Products Control Act, Canada 118,149,151,184 Tobacco trade Caribbean 25-26 international 122,124,125 Latin America 25-26 North America 24-25,26-Z Tobacco use surveys 186-187 Transcendental purpose of tobacco use 22-23 Transfer payments, smoking-related illness 108 Transnational cigarette industry 35-40 Transportation, smoking restrictions 153,154 Trinidad and Tobago, youth smoking regulations 158 Unit taxes 128 United Cigar Stores 29 United States advertising-control legislation 149 health care system 113,135-136 health education 160-261 product labeling requirements 152 public smoking restrictions 154 tobacco subsidization 123-125 workplace smoking restrictions 1X-157 youth smoking regulations 157-158 Urbanization 62-63 Uruguay, smoking and health organization 194-195 V Vending machines, statutes 157-158 Venezuela costs of smoking-related illness 112 health care system 113 smoking and health organization 195 tobacco subsidization 122 W.D. & H.O. Wills 31 Workplace smoking restrictions 156-157 World No-Tobacco Day 172, 186, 289, 198-200,203 Youth, smoking prevention legislation 157-158 213