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New York, Academic Press, 1967. 730 pp. 89 CARDIOVASCULAR APPENDIX TABLES TABLE AG.-Coronary heart disease morbidity and mu?-tality--rctrospcctivc studies Author, Y--P country, reference (Actual number of cases shown in parentheses)' [SM z Smokers NS r Nonsmokers EX = Ex-smokers] Numix F and Data tyr ? ,!f collrction Cases (percent) Controls (llercent) l.rij,uiatlon ._____ -..... Comments English et al., 1940. U.S.A. (60). Mills and Porter. 1957, U.S.A. (281). 1.000 r ,,le: .>ith m:rl:if+' HI), 40 > 3 ,rf age. Con!: L: i.000 mslr r.on-CHD patients. 474 white male coronary deaths. Controls: 606 white males. 1 I,,' Pcrccrrt Smokers Pcrce?d Smolxss .Id /!b 79.7(1X?) 61.9(302) (p"a .1x.5 (21) 120 11.6(14) U.S.A. with matched (33). controls frwn Same S"WfY (included those surviving first myocardial infarction) f TABLE A&-Coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality---retrospective studies (cont.) (Actual number of casa shown in parentheses)* [SM = Smokers NS = Nonsmokers EX = Ex-smokers] Author, Year. Number and Data country, type of collection Cases (percent) Co"trols (percent) Comments reference population ~-. ._ Russek and 97 male nnd 3 Interviews Tobacco usagc>~o cigarettes/day Patients Zohman. female coronary by 50 1,ercent. 35 percent. included 89 195% patients. Controls: authors. with classical U.S.A. 100 healthy controls myocardial (16s). of similar age, in'farction sex. occupation. and 11 with and ethnic origin. angina pectoris. Spain and 269 males identified 3,000 males NS Nathan, as having CHD by in New <40/day 1961. physical examination York City >40./day U.S.A. and history. Controls: inter- EX (176). 2,637/3.000 males viewed and Cigar, pipe identified 8s examined Total not having CHD by medical group. .30.0 (81) 29.0 (772) .29.0 (78) 33.0 (870) 13.0 (33) 9.0 (234) (p20 ........................... .48.6 17.9 t22.2 3.6 Cigar, pipe ..................... .44.4 ... 27.x .. EX ............................. 4.2 ... t15.3 3.6 These are not p"re smoking classes. t (P35 ._ ._ _. .21.8 (42) 100.0(193') (only 28 were mixed or cigar smokers) 18.4 (76) 10.4 (4X) 46.5(192) 22.5 (93) 2.2 (9) 100.0(413) (62 were mixed or cigar smokers) Ex-smokers listed under nonsmokers. Smoking information available only on 193/205. These cigarette categories include mixed or cigar smokers recalculated as to number uf ciga- rettes. No patients or controls smoked pilIes exclusively. Darken. 33 females "D to Death cer- Cigarettes per day 1967, 44 years of age tificates. 0 ,. ,. .,._. 6.1 (2) CR.!? (X4) (1~<0.001) CC~allY with myocardial inter- l-5 17.3(23) (5.3). infarction or sudden views. 6-15 .4x.5 (16) 16.5(22) death. Controls-133 20-30 ._ ._ .__. .39.4 (13) 3.0 (4) females 27-44 years >35 G.l (2) of age from clinic without CVD or lung caneer. 2 t TABLE A6.-Coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality-retrospective studies (cont.) (Actual number of cases .&own in parentheses)' [SM = Smokers NS z Nonsmokers EX = Ex-smokers] Author. Ye==. cou"tly, reference Number and type of population Data collection Hyams et al.. 1967, .J=pa" (87). 79 males surviving Interviews myoeardial infarc- by trained tion. 157 age- personnel. matched controls hospitalized for non- CVD but include hypertensive disease. Cases (percent) -NS . .10.1 (8) l-9 cigarettes Co"trols (percent) 21.0 (33) per day __. 7.0 (6) 10.5 (13) lo-15 . . 25.4 (18) 33.9 (42) 16 20 . . ..35.2 (25) 25.X (32) 21-34 ., ,._. .22.5 (16) 17.7 (22) >35 9.9 (7) 12.1 (15) All SM .lOO.O (71) 100.0(124) Comments Mulcahy et 81.. 1967, Ireland (237). 100 female patients Hospital SM ,. ._ __ .63.0 (63) less than 60 years interviews. NS .33.0 (33) uf age admitted to EX ., ,, t., 4.0 (4) hospital with CHD. Total lOO.O( 100) Stejta. 1967. Poland (179). 70 male and female patients with recent onset exertional angina pectoris. 54 controls of same age. Direct Pre~nlcnce of siak factors interviews. .A rtuinn patient8 60.0 45.6(261) 45.3(259) 9.1 (52) 100.0(572) Smoking on controls obtained from statistics of smoking in Irish Republic. Sudden death not included. Control grollp 48.l(P>O.l) Authors then followed the 70 patients for 3 years and noted that smoking signifi- cantly intluenced the incidence of coronary occlusion. Schimmler 603 males with Hospital NS 9.0 (44) 26.0(1X7) (n20 ,. .42.0(209) 29.0(207) (PI5 cigarettes .22.6 All ., ._ .80.0 Pipe .16.5 1,229 CHD patients: Interview. 43.0 802 males, 427 females. Controls: 743 individuals of both sexes: age. sex, and social class matched. 24.2 I!l.i 27.4 20.0 47.4 X.X 13.0(r1<0.0001) Knstl, 275 mnle railway Interview NS __ ., ., .20.0 (65) 29.x (X2) 1969. employees up to 65 and ex- Z-20 cigarettes or C`Z"l*"Y yc*rs of age sur- amina- UP to 6 cigars. .32.0 (88) 63.X (X2) (9X). viving myocardial tion. >20 cigarettes or infarction. 276 con- >6 cigars. ..48.0(132) R.!) (19) trol employees with minor circulatory disturbances. 1 Unless otherwise specified. disparities between the total number of eases and the sum of the individual smoking categories are due to the exclusion of s either occasional, miscellaneous. mixed. or ex-smokers. Author, year. country, reference TABLE A'i.-Differences in serum lipids between smokers and nonsmokers Number and type of population (Actual number of individuals shown in parentheses)' [SM = Smokers NS = Nonsmokers] Results Comments Gofman et al,. 1955. U.S.A., (72). 401 male e"lplWW?S 20-59 years of zlge. Lipid: tsf c-12 Sf 12-20 Sf 20-100 Sf 100-400 Cholesterol Difference between SM and NS tSf refers to Svedberg Ages 20-29 Ages 80-.79 Ages40-59 flotation units of (NS 56, SM 37) (NS 56, SM 67) (NS 17, SM 44) centrifuged lipoproteins I. +59.9 P250 87/99.6 115/102.4 Chi Square Value = 5.2 p40 ..................................... 229.0(114) 238.5 (68) Piprand cigar ............................. 214.9(128) 227.1(166) Serum cholesterol mg. percent Wcet Finland East Finlatid Helsinki NS ................................. 208.0(64) 226.6 (39) 235.1 (62) SM ................................ 228.7(91) 249.7(103) 257.8 (166) T Increasing amount of cigarette smoking in younger men. The authors state that no trend WBS noted associating increasing amount smoked with increasing serum cholesterol, although smokers and nonsmokers did have different overall kVC,S. TABLE A'?.-Differences in senm lipids between smokers and nonsmokers (cont.) (Actual number of individuals shown in parentheses)' [SM = Smokers NS = Nonsmokers] Author, year, Number and country, type of reference population 22 1 rnnd0mly Mean strum cholesterol Mean l3etnlAlpha rh"sen pensioners mg. percent lipoprotein ratio G-X5 yf%L's "f NS _. .._ ._ 214(38) 2.0(36) age. 5 cigarettes/day .X01(12) 2.1(11) 10 213(34) 1.8(33) 20 201(33) 1.9(35) >30 .._._ ._.......... 206 CR) 1.8 (R) Api~rvximately Cholesterol my. percent RctnlAlphn lipoprotein. ratio No data given "n numbers in GOIJ healthy 25-Y!, 40-55 254!) 40-55 each gr"uI). malrs 2s55 tA SE A E A E A E tAPAfrIcan. YERI`S of REC. NS 179 197 222 246 2,x9 3.34 3.75 4.59 %E~~~Euvopenn. "Heavy" SM 1X6 223 204 236 3.82 4.40 4.07 5.40 Results Conments 314 mnlr military Serum cholcstcrol Serum phospholipids No serum lipid differences recruits 14-25 my. perrcat mg. pc rcent f<,und am"ng the rsrinus years of we. NS ,, ,, ,. ,. ,, ,, ,._ ., ., ,(145). ,. __ _. ., 203.8 21R.0 smoking groups. (Cigarettes per day) l-10 (53). 206.8 222.3 11-19 ,., ., ,, ,, _.. (54). _. ,. _. 213.1 224.7 >ZO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(62)............. 202.3 210.6 7F monozygotic I. Mimozygotcs discordant for smoking: Smokers showed slightly lower levels The a"th"rs conclude from the twin pairs and of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids than nonsmokers. differing MZ and DZ results Xi rlizygotir II. Dizygotes discordant for smoking: Smokers showed significantly higher that constitutional factors twin pairs obtained levelv of phospholipids. No differences for cholesterol and triglycerides. are probably m"re importnnt from Swedish Twin than smoking in determining Registry. lipid levels. 8 TABLE A7.--Diferences in serum lipids between smokers and nonsmokers (cont.) (Actual "umber of individuals shown in parentheses)1 [SM = Smokers NS = Nonsmokcrsl Author, year, Number and country, type of Results CO"ll"e"t.8 reference population Fidanza 111 male prisoners Serum cholesterol mg. percent No statistically significant et al., 34-69 years of Agce <39 40-49 SO-59 60-69 differences found between I!)GG. ape. NS 195(E) 189(10) 176 (7) SM nnd NS. Italy <20 cigarettes/day 209 (5) 201(16) 202(13) 196(10) (FL). >20 cigarettes/day 197(6) 175 (7) 171 (7) . . Serum triglyceride8 mg. percent NS x4.7 71.9 86.0 <20 cigarettes/day 84.6 99.4 101.9 89.8 >20 cigarettes/day . 91.0 86.0 66.7 . Kedm and 200 clinically Serum cholcaterol Phospholipids Total lipids Serum cholesterol also noted Dm<,wski, healthy malrs nag. percent mg. pe+cent n&g. percent tn increase with increasing l!lM, 2B-50 years of NS(100) . . . . . 170.2 1,234.8 intensity and duration of Poland 268.11 uge. SM 100) 224.9 (99). 3 Po.os 1.362.1 Beta-lzpoproteina 1 PI0 cigarettes/day _. __ __ __ __ __ 260.0(166) 180.0