CUMULATIVE INDEX 1964-1975 Since the original report on the health consequences of smoking in 1964 entitled Smoking and Health, Report of the Advisory Com- mittee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, eight additional reports on the topic have been prepared for the U.S. Con- gress. The nine reports are for the years 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974,and 1975. To facilitate use of this accumulated scientific evidence on the health consequences of smoking, the following cumulative index of the nine reports was prepared. It should be noted that before this cumulative index, the 1964 and 1968 Reports had not been indexed; thus, this compilation provides the only indexes for these two re- ports. The concept headings in this index are essentially the same as those used in the individual report indexes. However, an effort was made to use only one term per concept and to select the most com- monly used terminology in the scientific literature for the concept. The user of this index is referred to information in the different reports by the report year followed by the page numbers in that re- port. The year of the report is set in boldface type to stand out from the page numbers. The following excerpt from the index exemplifies this: Abortion comparison of stillbirth and neonatal death with, in smoking and nonsmok- ing mothers year - I-- : ]390,405-406 1 effect of maternal smoking 71:13: 72:5,84, 85;73:123,124 pages 71:390,405-406 (This entry refers the uses to the 1971 Report, pages 390, 405, and 406.) 71:13; 72:5,84.85; 73:123-124 (This entry refers the user to the 1971 Report, page 13; to the 1972 Report. pages 5, 84, and 85; and to the 1973 Report, pages 123 and 124.) 118 INDEX (Cumulative Abortion comparison of stillbirth and neonatal death with, in smoking and nonsmok- ing mothers 71:390,405406 effect of maternal smoking 71:13;72:5,84,85;73:123,124 frequency, and cigarette consumption 72:85 Absenteeism smoking and 67:19 Abstinence syndrome 641352 Academic underachievement 641372,373 Acenaohthvlene in &ar, pipe, and cigarette smoke 73:178 Acenapthene 64:55 Acetaldehyde 6452.60.61 as ciliatoxic agent in cigarette smoke 73:Sl levels, effects of room size, amount of tobacco burned and ventilation 75:91-94,98 as suspected contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:145 Acetic acid as ciliatoxic agent 67:107-108 in tobacco smoke 67:107-108 Acetone 64:52,60 as suspected contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:145 Acetonitrile as suspected contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:145 Acetylcholine effect on nicotine pharmacology 67:60 sensitivity to 64~69 Acetylene 64:60 Acidosis metabolic, maternal smoking effect on infant 71:407 Acinus smoke clearance from 64~267,269 Acrolein 64:60,61.266,268 1964-1975) ciliastatic effect from 64:266,267,268 as ciliatoxic agent 67:107-108 effect on Dunoliella bioculata 69142 effect on respiratory tract 641266,267 effect on respiratory tract, in rats 74: 104 effects of Inhalation of, in rats 75:29 as irritant in tobacco smoke 72:lOl levels, effects of room size, amount of tobacco burned and ventilation 75:91-94, 98 as probable contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:144 Acrylonitrile as suspected contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:145 Additives, tobacco see Tobacco additives Adenocarcinoma beryllium induced 641166 classification of 64:173 hydrocarbon induced 64~228 increased frequency of 64:35, 174,175,231 kidney, smoking and 69:60 nonsmokers incidence of 64:160 prevalence in male and female smokers and nonsmokers 71:250 relationship of cigarette smokmg to 71:246-249. 296 risk ratio of smokers 69156 smoking and 64:159;67:107-108 smoking and, for men 69~57 Adenoma papillary, induction in rats by exposure to cigarette tars 71:348 pulmonary 64:34,165 pulmonary, genetic factors in 64~34.167 pulmonary, induction in mice hy ciga- rette smoke inhalation 71:349 pulmonary, induction of 64:143 renal, relationship of smoking to 71:296 Adipose tissue effect of nicotine, in rats 74:13 Adrenalectomy effect on nicotine pharmacology 67:60 Adrenal glands catecholamine release from, nicotine ef. fects on 71:36 epinephrine discharge from 64:318 nicotine effect on 64:69 Advertising curtailment of 64:8 Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health 64:13,14,173 establishment and conclusions of study by 71:3 evaluation of studies by 64:8,9,14,15,19 formation of 64:7,8,9 members of 64:9, 10 report on cigarette smoke and conden- sates effects on oral cavity of animals 71:288 Aerobic capacity effect of cessation of smoking 73~243 effect of exercise and smoking 73:243,244 Aerosol irritation by 64:295 tobacco smoke as 64:263 Aflatoxms 64:145 Age atypical nuclei in esophageal epithelium arranged by smoking and 71:379-380 bed days by, and smoking history 67:20-21 bladder neoplasm mortality rates by 67:154 bronchitis mortality rates by 67129.92 bronchitis mortality ratios by 67194 cerebrovascular disease mortality ratios i3:66-68 coronary disease excess morbidity rates by 67154 coronary disease incidence rates and smoking history by 69:13-14, 17 coronary disease incidence rates by 67:54,58 coronary disease morbidity ratios by 67~54 coronary disease mortality rates by 67~25-26.50 coronary disease mortality ratios by 67:26,47,49,51-52;69:13, 18 coronary thrombosis mortality by 67~26 current cigarette smokers by sex and 71~6 effects on CHD 71:27-39 emphysema mortality rates by 67:29,92 emphysema mortality ratios by 67:?4 esophageal neoplasm mortality rates by 67:150 esophageal neoplasm mortality ratios by 67:150 expiratory flow rate by 64:291 forced expiratory volume by 64:291 increased smoking by 64:361,362 laryngeal neoplasm mortality rates by 67~148-149 larnygeal neoplasm mortality ratios by 67:148-149 liver cirrhosis mortality rates by 67:184 liver cirrhosis mortality ratios by 67:184 lung functions for smokers vs. non- smokers by 67:100 lung neoplasm mortality rates by 67:134-138, 140 lung neoplasm mortality ratios by 67:134-136,138,140 mortality ratios by 64:36,81 mouth neoplasm mortality rates by 67:146 mouth neoplasm mortality ratios by 67:145-146 nonsmokers by 64:117 pancreatic neoplasm mortality rates by 67:158-159 pancreatic neoplasm mortality ratios by 67:158-159 peptic ulcer mortality rates by 67:181 peptic ulcer mortality ratios by 67:181 peptic ulcer mortality ratios for smokers vs. exsmokers by 67:181 pharyngeal neoplasm mortality rates by 67:146 120 pharyngeal neoplasm mortality ratios by 67: 146 pulmonary fibrosis by 64:274 respiratory symptoms in smokers vs. nonsmokers by 67:96-98, 100 restricted activity days by. and smoking history 67:20-21 smokers by 64:117 smoking and, effect on clinical labora- tory tests in healthy male veterans 73:ll statistics, errors in 64:117,118 stomach neoplasm mortality rates by 671151 stomach neoplasm mortality ratios by 67~151 stroke mortality rates by 69:13, 17 stroke mortality ratios by 69:13 urinary tract neoplasm mortality rates `w 67:154 urinary tract neoplasm mortality ratios by 67x154 urogenital neoplasm mortality ratios by 67:154 work-loss days by, and smoking history 67:20.21 Age-adjusted death rates 64:31,36,82,84,100, 101 by country 64: 127 in heavy smokers 64:100 in males 64:95. 101,127 in nonrespondents 64:114 sex ratios in 64:133 in survey respondents 64:114 in United States 64~127 variables affecting 64:JOO weighting of 64:114 in white males 64~95 Aged prevalence of COPD in, smokers vs. nonsmokers 74:78 Age started smoking 64:89, 111, 361, 362, 368, 371-374. 376 lung neoplasm association with 64:158,230 mortality rates and 64:29, 158 mortality rates in Japanese by 73~7.8 socioeconomic factors in 64:368 Agricultural workers 64:290 Air pollution 64:150, 177, 186. 195, 232, 295, 296, 297,298 arsenic in 64:61 and bronchitis, in smokers vs. nonsmok- US 73:36,37 bronchopulmonary effects on smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:69 carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke 72:7. 121-123, 125 as cause of chronic bronchopulmonary disease 67:29, 108-110 as cause of COPD 71:152.175.216-217 in chronic bronchitis 64~297,298 ciliastasis from 64~268 effect of exposure levels on respiratory symptoms in twins 75 ~67 effect on mortality rates from lung cancer 73:73 effect on nonsmokers 72:121-125 effect on smokers 67:108-110 and emphysema 64~297 in etiology of bronchitis 67:108-l 10 in etiology of emphysema 67:108-110 in etiology of lung neoplasms 64:172; 67:140; 68:98, 99; 71:11, 216; 73:72,73 exposure levels and coal consumption 75 :67 exposure magnitude in 64:296,297,298 and human CO burden 7.5:20 levels, exposure of telephone workers and pulmonary symptoms 75 ~67 lung damage from 64:301 in Osaka, Japan 73:44 prevalence of respiratory diseases and 73:44 relationship of lung neoplasms, smoking and place of residence 71~252-255 respiratory diseases in 64~295-298 121 smoking and, in COPD development 74:82,83; 75:63-68 smoking and, in lung neoplasms develop- ment 74:45,46;75:44.41 smoking and, in military and civilian aircraft 73:45 sulfur dioxide in 64~295 summary of recent findings 75:108 survey data for four U.S. locations 75:63-66 tobacco smoke as a factor 72:7, 121-124 "Tokyo-Yokohama asthma" from 64~276 urban-rural effects of 64:298 Air quality standards for carbon monoxide 72: 128 Airway conductance 64:292 Airway obstruction emphysema in 64~291 measurement of 64~292 ozone induction of 64:296 smoking effect on 64:292,293,297, 300 sulfur dioxide effect on 64~295 Airway resistance to smoke inhalation in guinea pigs 68:72 Airways, large effect of smoking one nonfilter cigarette 74:99 Airways, small abnormalities, in smokers vs. nonsmok- ers, autopsy studies 74197, 98 dysfunction of. in smokers 75:71 effect of smoking one nonfilter cigarette 74:99 function during viral illness, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 75~62.63 Albany prospective studies 64~323,325 Alcohol ethanol, penetrability of dissolved benzo(a)pyrene in mice esophageal epithelium 71~293 Alcohol consumption 64:91, 101.224,302. 385 effect on esophageal neoplasms in smok- `33 71:289,293 effect on laryngeal neoplasms in tobacco users 71:280 effect on mortality rates from esoph- ageal neoplasms in Japanese males 72:71 effect on tobacco amblyopia 71 r435-436 in esophageal neoplasms 64:213,217, 218 in heavy smokers 64~342 and heavy smoking, effect on oral neo- plasms 71:288 interaction with smoking factors in CHD 73:lO in laryngeal neoplasms 64:210,211 in liver cirrhosis 64~342 in oral neoplasms 64:204 and other risk smoking and, in esophageal neoplasm etiology 67:152; 71:3, 68, 70,71;73:76, 200 smoking and, in laryngeal neoplasm eti- OlWY 73:197 smoking and, in neoplasm development 73.76. 200 ,-.. smoking and, in oral neoplasm etiology 68:100,101; 73:193; 74:53-55 smoking and, in relation to cirrhosis of liver 67:40, 185 in tuberculosis 64~271; 71~172 see also Alcoholism Alcoholic beverage workers, neoplasm risk ratios in 64.134 _ .._ Alcoholics Anonymous 64:354 Alcoholism mortality in, relation to smoking 67:10, 184 patients, smoking and ventilatory tion in 71:213 Alcohols, aliphatic 64:51 Aldehydes 64:52,296 Aldrin 64:62, 145 Alkaline dusts 64:298 Alkaloids 64:54 Alkaloids, tobacco and experimental bladder neoplasms 69:64 N-Alkanes 64:51 Alkylbenzenes 64:55 Alkylphenols 64 :54 Allergy effect on cardiovascular abnormalities 72:lll 122 tests of 64:216 tobacco and 72:7, 103-I 1 tobacco-induced 64:276,301,319 tobacco smoke irritants and 72:llO Alpha-lantitrypsin deficiency COPD predisposition from 71:150 determination using immunoelectro- phoresis 71:151 in emphysema etiology 71:10-11;72:110 smoking and 72:iio smoking and, in COPD etiology 74~87-90; 75~12-74 Altitude effect on arterial oxygen tension 72~22 Aluminum in main stream smoke 64:55 .Alveolar bone loss smoking and 69~85-81 Alveolar macrophages see Macrophages, alveolar Alveoli see Pulmonary alveoli Amblyopia, tobacco 64:39,73,341, 342 alcohol consumption effect on 71:435436 characterization of 71:435 and cigar smoking 67:39 developmen; from cyanide component of tobacco smoke 71:14;72:6 diet and 72~6 effect on optic pathways 67:183 incidence of 71:435 pathogenesis 67:183 and pipe smoking 67~39 potentiation of cyanide toxicity by vita- min B-l 2 deficiency in 67:183 smoking and 72~6 vitamin B deficiency and tobacco smoke in 67:40. 183 American Cancer Society 64:6,7,81,93,96, 101,363 American College of Chest Physicians 64:8 American Heart Association 64~6, 7 pooling project on CHD 71:23,28, 30, 39 American Medical Association 64:8 American Thoracic Society 64:215,218,279 Amino acids 64:54 Aminoazo dyes activity in placenta of smoking mothers 71:410 o-Aminophenols concentration in urine of cancer patients and smokers 69~64 experimental bladder neoplasm induc- tion 67:156 Ammonia 64:60,61 ciliastatic effect of 64:268 as suspected contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72: 145 Amphetamine 64:71 Anabasine 64~49 Analytic methods arsenic determination 64:61,62 fluorescence properties 64:51 mass spectrometry 6451 paper chromatography 64:51 ultraviolet absorption 64:51 Anger personality traits, smokers 641326 Angina pectoris 64:275,319,320,323, 325 carbon monoxide exposure and 74:11,12 carbon monoxide inhalation and 73:17. 18 coffee drinking, smoking. and 74:8 and coronary disease incidence 67:53 effects of increased carboxyhrmoglobin levels, in passive smokers 75195.91 Health Insurance Plan Study and inci- dence in males 68:19, 20 and heavy cigarette smoking. findings of Framingham Heart Study 68:19 incidence m Norwegian men 68~19 incidence in pipe and cigar smokers 73:215 incidence rates and smoking histor! 69:21-I? morbidity ratios 67~59 morbidity ratios among persons 30-59 years old 68:20 smoking and 69:18; 74:8 smoking and, in twins 67:59;69:25;72:18 Aniline dyes 64~222 Animals esophageal neoplasms in, induction by nitrosamines 71~292 experiments, as evidence 64:26 respiratory tract of, neoplastic changes following cigarette smoke inhalation 71~238-239 skin of, carcinogenicity of tobacco tars 71:238.261 tests of, with smoke carcinogens 71:12 ventilatory function change from smok- ing 71:lO Annandale study 64:286 Anoxia 64:70,344 cerebral 64:70 effect on myocardial tissue function 68:38-40,43 relation to smoking 67:183 Anthanthrene 64:147 Anthracene in cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoke 73:178 oil, carcinogenic activity of 64:147 Anthranilic acid. 3-hydroxy- urinary excretion of, smoking effects on 71~296 Anticarcinogens 64:143.144 Antidiuretic hormone 64:69,320 Antigen-antibody reactions allergy and 72:103-107 smokers vs. nonsmokers 72:7, 105, 111 tobacco and 72:7,104-107 Antigenic properties of tobacco 64:319 Antigens effect on alveolar macrophages. in smok- ers vs. nonsmokers 75:76,71 Antioch College study 64:370 Antismoking campaigns 64:354 Aortic aneurysm mortality, for men by amount smoked 69:16 mortality rates 64:103,325;67:69 mortality ratios 67~69 nonsyphilitic, mortality rates, smokers vs. nonsmokers 72:2 smoking and 67:21;71:9,61,71,15 Aortic arch reflexes 64:70 Aortic bodies, nicotine induced stimulation of 64:317 Appetite reduction 64:71,355 Areca nut see Betel nut Arecoline 64:351 Argon in gas phase, in smoke 64:60 Aromatic alcohols 64:Sl Aromatic compounds carcinogenic properties in cigarette smoke from 71:264,265 detection in urine using chemilumines- cence technique lL:297 POlYCYClic, carcinogenicity of 64:142, 146, 165, 166, 189, 229, 230 polycyclic, pyrolytic formation of 64:59 polycyclic, structure of 64:54,56 stimulation of ulacental BP-hvdroxvlase activity in piegnant rats by- . 71:414 Aromatic hydrocarbons 64:55 carcinogenicity 67:129:69:61 role in lung neoplasm development 74~4952 in tobacco smoke 64:55;67:127 Aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic binding to DNA and RNA 73:86,87 effect during pregnancy in laboratory animals 73:117, 118 effect on tobacco carcinogenicity 72~66 maternal-fetal exchange and 73:119 tumor initiators in tobacco 75:48 124 Arousal effects nicotine induction of 64:70,350 Arrhythmias formation in nicotine stimulated dam- aged myocardium 71:58 nicotine toxicity in 64173 smoke induction of 64:319 smoking and 69:4 Arsenic 64~55~61.62 carcinogenicity of 64:167 determination of 64:61,62 lung neoplasm mortality in smelter workers exposed to 71:257 lung neoplasm risk from 64:193,194 respiratory tract carcinoma in workers exposed to 71~256,257 Arterial diseases carboxyhemoglobin levels and 72:26 smokers vs. nonsmokers 72~26 smoking and 72:25,26 see also Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis Arteries 64~274 aneurysm in aortic, cigarette smoking effects on 71:9,61,11,75 atherosclerotic, increased by cigarette smoking 71:8,63 flow of carotid, cigarette smoking effects :;:67 hypoxemia, development from cigarette smoking 71:9 occlusions of, cigarette smoking effects El:73 thickening of, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 75~14-76 walls of, mechanism of lipoprotein intil- tration 71:63 walls of, nicotine-induced necrosis 71:63 Arterioles effect of smoking 73:22,23 thickening of, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 75~74-16 Arteriosclerosis 64:32.320-325 in aorta and coronary arteries, cigarette smoking effects on 71:45, 52-56 aortic 69~26 autopsy studies and 72:19,20 cigarette smoking effects on 71:8 cigar smoking and 72:19 coronary 69126 coronary, mortality rate in 64:317, 320, 321 development by increased carboxyhemo- globin formation 71:9 development of, carbon monoxide ef- fects on 71~63 development of, effects of nicotine on 71:38 and effect of smoking on blood circula- tion 67:62 experimentally induced in dogs 72:19,20 experimental studies 69~26-27 hypoxia and, hypercholesterolemia in 69:26 lesion development in, smoking enhance- ment 71:36 mortality rates 64:25;67:26 obliterans 64:326 obliterans, smoking as a cause 73:19,20 pathogenesis of, relating to smoking 67~6546 peripheral, cigarette smoking effects on 71~12-73; 73:21 pipe smoking and 72~19 severity of, and smoking 69:26 smokers vs. nonsmokers 72:19.22,23,27 smoking and 67:28;69:4-5 smoking classification and 72:19 see ulso Atherosclerosis Arthritis, rheumatoid pulmonary function abnormalities, smoking, and 74:92,93 Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase effect of benzo(a)pyrene in pregnant rats 73:119 role in lung neoplasm development 74:49-52:75:50-53 125 role in metabolism of chemical carcin- ogens 73:82,83 Asbestos chrysotile, effects on lungs 75:49 effect on pulmonary function in smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:41 effect on radiological findings in smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:41 effect on respiratory symptoms in smok- ers vs. nonsmokers 73:41 pulmonary fibrosis and 72144 smoking and, effect on mortality rates from lung neoplasms 73.73 .-... synergistic effect with smoking in lung neoplasm development 74:4143 Asbestosis 64~161 in smokers vs. nonsmokers, asbestos workers in Singapore 74:95 Asbestos workers 64:193,232; 74:95 Asia Central and Southeast, relationship of tobacco use and neoplasms of oral cavity 71:366 Asthma bronchial, cigarette smoking effects on 7l:lO. 175 cigarette smoking in 64~38.302 definition'of 64:27 smoking and 67:29:72:37 tobacco allergy in 64~276 "Tokyo-Yokohama" 64~276 Atelectasis 64~272 Atherosclerosis 64:318,319,320 aortic, long term smoking effects 71~52-56 coronary blood flow in, in rabbits 64:318 experimental induction of, in rats 64:319 see also Arteriosclerosis Athletic performance running, effect of smoking 73:243.244 smokers vs. nonsmokers 73~243,244 swimming, effect of smoking 73~244 Atropine 64:354 effects on bronchoconstriction in dogs 71:163 mucus secretion blockage by 64:269 Atypical cells 64:231 hyperchromatic nuclei in 64134 smoke-induced, in epithelium 64:168,169,170, 172,173 Australia COPD morbidity in smokers in 71:203 coronary death rate in 64:320 laryngeal neoplasms in; relationship to tobacco use 71:357 lung neoplasms death rate in 64:176 lung neoplasms in, retrospective studies of 71:327 peptic ulcer in, methods for retrospec- tive and cross-section studies of smoking and 71:426,428 Automobile driving 64~322 Autonomic nervous system effect of nicotine on 67:60 Autopsy studies 64:150 arteriosclerosis and 72:19,20 bronchiolitis development and smoking 75:14,76 COPD and smoking 73:4548 coronary heart disease and 72:19. 20 emphysema development and smoking 74:97;75:14-16 fibrosis development and smoking 75~74-76 lung neoplasms in U.S. veterans 73:13,74 mucous gland abnormalities and smoking 74:97 small airway abnormalities and smoking 74:97,98 thickening of arteries, arterioles and smoking 75174-76 Aviators prevalence of CHD 68:19 smoking effect on blood pressure 68~22 Bacteria effect of cigarette smoke on action of macrophages 71:165 126 p~NllOnia, mice resistance following cigarette inhalation 71:173 Bacterial flora in smokers vs. nonsmokers with COPD 73:54 Ballistocardiography 64:319 findings in cardiac disease after cigarette smoking 68:37 Bank employees chronic cough in 64:281 Barbiturates 64:352 Bartenders esophageal neoplasms in 64:134 oral neoplasms in 64:134 Bauhinia 64:211 Bed days by age, sex and smoking history 67:19-21 definition of 67:19 Behavior and coronary disease 67:56;69:20, 24 of heavy smokers 64:372 patterns, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:26-28 Behavioral research smoking habit 67:38, 188-192 Belfast lung neoplasm mortality in 64:19S Benz(e)acephenanthrylene carcinogenic properties in cigarette smoke from 711264,265 see also Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzanthracene (9-10 dimethyl-I, 2-) 64:203 Benz(a)anthracene alcoholic solution of, penetrability of mice esophageal epithelium 71:292 carcinogenicity 67:127 carcinogenicity, as component of ciga- rette smoke 72~66 in tobacco smoke 67~127 Benz(a)anthracene, 7, 12dimethyl carcinoma induction in hamsters follow- ing instillation of 71:346 skin painting with, papilloma and carci- noma induction in mice by 71:341 see also Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzene 6455359 as suspected contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:145 Benzocaine lozenges 64~354 Benzo(b)fluoranthene carcinogenicity 671127 in tobacco smoke 67~127 see also Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzotj)fluoranthene 64:57 carcinogenicity 671127 carcinogenic properties in cigarette smoke from 71:265 see also Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzo(k)fluoranthene carcinogenicity 67:127 in tobacco smoke 671127 see also Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzo(rst)pentaphene carcinogenic properties in cigarette smoke from 713265 see also Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 64:147 carcinogenicity 67:127 in tobacco smoke 67:127 see also Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzotcjphenanthrene 64~56 carcinogenicity 67:127 carcinogenic properties in cigarette smoke from 71:26S in tobacco smoke 67:127 see nlso Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzo(a)pyrene 64~147, 148,233 ability of smoking mothers to hydroxy- late 71:407 as air pollutant from cigarette smoke 72:123 and air pollution, in lung neoplasm development 74:45,46 alcoholic solution of. penetration of mice esophageal epithelium 71:292 carcinogenic effect in laboratory animals 73:78-80 carcinogenicity of 64:33. 144, 145, 146:67:127 carcinogenicity of, in relation to asbestos in hamsters 71:257 carcinogenic properties in cigarette smoke from 71~264,265 carcinoma induction bv 64:166 in cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoke 73~177.178 cocarcinogenic effect on respiratory tract in rabbits 72~67 determination of 64~57 detoxification by lung aryl hydroxylase 71~257 effect on DNA and RNA 73:86,87 effects during pregnancy in laboratory animals 72:89: 73:117.118 effects of instillation or implantation in animal tracheobronchial tree 71:346-347 effects on animal tissue and organ cul- tures in 71:343-345 effects with influenza virus on cigarette inhalation by mice 71:352 in ethanol, effect on esophageal tissue 67:153-154 hydroxylation by pulmonary benzo- pyrene hydroxylase 6962 hydroxylation by the placenta 69~80; 72~89 isolation of 64:S5 levels, effects of room size, amount of tobacco burned and ventilation 75:91-94.98 in olive oil, effect on esophageal tissue 67:152-153 oral neoplasm induction by 64:203.204 pyr$?i; formation of reduction of, by copper nitrate 64:60 role in respiratory tract carcinogenesis, in animals 74:46,47 sarcoma induction in rats following in- stillation of 71:346 skin painting with, papilloma induction in mice by 71:337-338 in smoke streams 72:123 in soot 64: 148 squamous cell carcinoma from 64: 166 structural formula of 64:S6 threshold levels of 64:143 in tobacco smoke 67:127 from vegetable fibers 64~59 see also Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzofejpyrene 64: 147 carcinogenicity 67:127 in tobacco smoke 67:127 see also Aromatic hydrocarbons Benzopyrene hydroxylase inhibition of nickel carbonyl in cigarette smoke 69~62 Beryllium 64:55 carcinoma induction by 64:166 epidermoid neoplasms from 64: 166 lung neoplasm risk from 64:193 oxide 64:166 sulfate aerosol 64:166 Betanaphthylamine content of cigarettes 69~64 Betel nut 64:203,349,351 Betel nut chewing 64:211,351 in Bombay, India 72~69 in head and neck neoplasm etiology 72~69 laryngeal neoplasms from 64:211 oral neoplasms from 64:197:71:366.369-370 smoking and ' 72~69 smoking and oral leukoplakia 69:S8 and tobacco chewing 64:203 Biased measurements 64:36.98 Bicarbonate in pancreatic secretions, effect of smok- ing 73:159, 160 Bicycle ergometer performance cardiovascular parameters in smokers vs. nonsmokers 731242-244 Bioassay methods in carcinogenesis 64:59,143,147 Biometry Branch, National Cancer Institute 64:137,138,139 Biri 64:211 128 Birth weight effect of maternal smoking 64~39, 343; 67~39, 185-186; 69:5, 77-80; 71~389, 397-399; 72~5, 83-87; 73:103-114, 119-122;75:27 effect of maternal smoking before and during current pregnancy by cigarette consumption 73:107-109 effect of maternal smoking during pre- vious pregnancies 73:112-114 effect of paternal smoking 73:110,111 effect of tobacco smoke, nicotine, or carbon monoxide in laboratory ani- tMlS 73:114-118 gestation duration in smokers vs. non- smokers 73:103-106 mortality risk of low birth weight infants of smoking vs. nonsmoking mothers 73:126-132 timing of influence of smoking 73:120,121 Bitters 64:354 Blacks maternal smoking and infant weight 71:397 maternal smoking and prematurity 69:78; 71:400401 Bladder neoplasms 64~37, 218-235 aniline dyes in 64~222 blood groups in 64~224 carcinogenesis, tobacco smoke constit- uents and tars 67:156 cotinine and 69~64 dose effect in 64~223 experimental aspects of 69~64 experimental induction by hydro- quinone 67:156 experimental induction by 3-hydroxy- anthranilic acid 67:156 experimental induction by 3-hydroxy- kynurenine 67:156 experimental induction by ortho-amino- phenols 67:156 experimental induction by tars 64~219,223 experimental induction in mice 64~223 frequency in smokers vs. nonsmokers 71:238,293-295; 73-77, 78 in heavy smokers 64~219,224 in men, relation to smoking 67:153 morbidity, effect of smoking on 67:155 mortality rates 64:133,148,149;71:293,294 mortality rates, female 64:132, 137, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225;67:154 mortality rates, foreign-born 64:134 mortality rates, male 64:130, 132,137;67:154 mortality ratios 64:148, 149,222;67:33 mortality ratios, male smokers by age 67:154 mortality trends, by sex 64:137 occupational risk 64~134, 222,224 relationship of cigarette smoking to 71:13,299 relative risk in females by amount smok- ed 72173 relative risk in males by amount smoked 72x72, 73 relative risk ratios from, in smokers 64~223 retrospective studies of, and smoking 64:218-222; 71:293, 381-384 sarcoma 64~223 smokers vs. nonsmokers 72:293-295,381-384 smoking and 64:32; 67~33; 69:60, 64; 72:68, 12-74 smoking in etiology of 725; 73~77. 78 and tobacco alkaloids 69:64 and tryptophan metabolites in urine 67x36, 156; 71 x296-297 urban-rural prevalence of 64~225 U.S. incidence of 64:127 in women 64:132,219,220,221,224,225 see 01~0 Urogenital neoplasms Bladder stones 641224 Blood gas exchange in 64:292 groups, in bladder neoplasms 641224 plasma, and thrombus formation 69~27-28 Blood chemical analysis comparison for smoking and nonsmok- ing mothers and their infants 69:80 Blood cholesterol levels and coronary disease 64:321; 6758; 71:21-22. 23-24, 43 129 and coronary disease mortality 69:17 effect of carbon monoxide in rabbits 73:18; 75:28 effect of diet 64~322 effect of smoking 67:66;71:8,41,43; 74:17, 18 effect of smoking and body weight 73:ll effect of smoking and clinical parameters in British business executives 73:ll effect of smoking in peripheral vascular disease 71~72 and hypertension, in smokers vs. non- smokers 75:lS increase in smokers 64:326 and lung neoplasms in male smokers 69~57 myocardial infarction morbidity ratios in males from Framingham study 68:24 in pipe and cigar smokers 73:215,216 in smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:22, 23. 29,43;71:41,98-102 see also Cholesterol Blood circulation effect of cigarette smoke inhalation 67~26. 63; 71:58 effect of cigarette smoke inhalation, in dogs 67~62 effect of nicotine on 67:60-64 effect of smoking on 67~60-64; 69:ll. 27-28: 73119, 22, 23 effect of variations in hemoglobin and hematocrit 71:66 peripheral 64:318 Blood coagulation clotting time 64:319 effect of smoking 67~64; 71~9, 36; 74:18, 19 Blood lipids effect of nicotine in rabhits 68:31 effect of smoking 71:65-66, 123-128; 73-11. 12: 74-17 effect of smoking and nicotine 68:30, 3 1 effect of smoking and relativew,eight, in malt Parisian civil servants 73:ll effect of smoking in middle-aged pa- tients with angina pectoris 73:12 effect of smoking in young Norwegian military recruits 73:ll elevated, as risk factor in CHD 73:ll elevated, as risk factor in CHD 73:ll free fatty acids, effect of smoking 64:319:67:6465 smokers vs. nonsmokers 71:41, 98-102 and thrombogenesis 68:32, 33 Blood platelets adhesiveness, effect of cigarette smoking ;;:9, 36 counts 64:319 effect of smoking 67~64; 69~27-28; 71~66, 75 survival 64:319 Blood pressure coronary disease 67:54-55,58; 68:22 coronary disease and smoking 69:14; 71:43,47 coronary disease mortality and 69:14, 17 diastolic, cigarette smoking effects 71:8.23 diastolic, in smokers with CHD 71:21-22,24,42 effect of catecholamines on 67:60 effect of cigarette smoke inhalation on 6754 effect of CO exposure 74:11,12 effect of exercise and smoking 73:242,244-246 effect of nicotine 64:318;67:60;71:36;74:13 effect of pipe and cigar smoking 73:216 effect of smoking 67:54-55,60; 74~17 effect of smoking in middle-aged pa- tients with angina pectoris 73:12 high risk in mortality from CVD 71:67 hypertensive vs. nonhypertensive, ntor- tality rates of CHD in 71:42 myocardial infarction morbidity ratios in males 68~24 risk factors in arteriosclerosis obliterans 71:72 in smokers, nonsmokers, and ex-smokers 75:lS-17 smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:22,29: 71:41,42,103-104 smoking and, effects on pregnancy out- come 69~77-78 systolic, mortality from elevated, with CHD 71:42 130 Blood sugar elevation, by tobacco 64:355 Blood vessels effect of nicotine on 6762 effect of smoking on pulmonary arterial capillaries 67:lll Blood viscosity and arteriosclerosis 69~27 Body constitution 64:321 and bronchitis 67:30,102-103,108 and cough development 67:102-103, 111 and emphysema 67:30.111 and respiratory tract diseases 67:30 smokers vs. nonsmokers 67:54,99 Body height effect of maternal smoking 71:407;72:88 interaction with smokina as factor in cerebrovascular disease 73:19 in respiratory function tests 64:290 Body size in male smokers vs. nonsmokers 68~28 Body weight 64:384,385 and coronary disease 67:58 and hypertension, in smokers, nonsmok- ers, and ex-smokers 75:15-17 increase in, on cessation of smoking 64~326 interaction with smoking as factor in cerebrovascular disease 73:19 relationship to coronary disease mortal- ity rates and smoking 69:14 risk factor in CHD 68:29,43 in smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:21 and smoking, as factors in CHD inci- dence 73z4-6 and smoking, effect on blood lipids 73:ll Boilermakers neoplasm risk in 64:134 Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance pro- gram role of coffee drinking and smoking in myocardial infarction 74~8 dowel habits tobacco effects on 641355 Bradycardia development in dogs given nicotine 71:57 Breast feeding duration of 64:368 Breathlessness 64:27,38,301 prevalence of 64:285,286,287 Britain chronic bronchitis studies in 64:271,280 coronary death rates in 64:320 curtailment of advertising in 64:s lung neoplasm death rate in 64:176 mortality rates, in laryngeal neoplasms 64:205 risk ratios in 64:127 urban-rural mortality ratios in 64:186 British agricultural workers forced expiratory flow rates in 64~290 British air pollution disease factors in 64:194,195,298 British doctors study 64:97,102,114,162,180,230,322 expected deaths in 64:109 mortality ratios in 64:109,149 nonresponse rates in 64:113 observed death rates in 64:109 British General Post Office 64:281,286 British Medical Research Organization 64~6 British miners forced expiratory flow rate in 64:290 British P&natal Mortality Survey results of 71:390 British smokers age distribution of 64:177 cough prevalence in 64:281 inhalation practices among 64:177 Bronchi abnormalities in smokers vs. nonsmokers 72~45 histopathologic change in 64:170 hyperplasia in 64~271 131 morphology 64~271 mucus secretion in, nicotine-induced 64~268 physiology, in animals and humans 68:71-74 Bronchial epithelium changes after nitrogen dioxide exposure, in animals 74:102,103 changes in, in smokers 64:171,172 disintegrating nuclei in 64:170 effect of cigarette smoke on 67:107, 140, 144;69:40 effect of filtered gas-phase cigarette smoke, in rabbits 74:104,105 effect of nitrogen dioxide on, in rats 69:41 effect of smoking on 67:104,106 effect of tobacco smoke on 67~129 histological changes at autopsy and smoking habit 73:74 histological changes in cigar, pipe, ciga- rette smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:203,204,209 premalignant changes in smokers 73~67; 75144 Bronchial glands 64:168 Bronchial mucosa effect of cigarette smoke on 67:30, 104-107,144 effect of tobacco smoke constitutents on 67:30 Bronchial neoplasms experimentally induced by cigarette smoke 67:144 risk ratio of smokers 69~56 Bronchiectasis 64~277-294 induction of. in mice 641272 Bronchiolar dilations 64~272 Bronchiolar neoplasms 64:159 Bronchiolitis autopsy studies, in male smokers vs. nonsmokers 75:74,76,77 ozone induction 641295 purulent, in mice 64~272 Bronchioloalveolar neoplasms smoking and 73:71 Bronchitis 64:277-294 definition of 64:289; 67:89 development in infants of maternal smokers 75:103 diagnosis 67:90 and disability, in smokers vs. nonsmok- %:43 dust exposure as a factor 73:44 and emphysema 64:113,280 etiology of 64:s fibrotic, induction by sulfur dioxide 64:295 incidence in British males by cigarette consumption 72~62 incidence in children of parental smokers 75:105,106 incidence of among smokers 69:37 morbidity, and cigar smoking 67:29-30,94 morbidity, and pipe smoking 67:29-30.94 morbidity, and smoking 67:3,22,96 morbidity, in smoking-discordant twin pairs 67: 103 mortality, and smoking 67:3,30,90-96 mortality, in United States 67~9~90 mortality rates 67:8, 29 mortality rates, by sex and smoking classification 67~95 mortality rates, effect of cessation of smoking on 67:2,29,94,96 mortality ratios, by amount smoked 67:90-92 mortality ratios, cigar smokers 67:94 mortality ratios in male pipe and cigar smokers 73~217,219 mortality ratios, male smokers by a- mount smoked 67~93 mortality ratios, pipe smokers 67~94 occupational diseases and 72~42 in passive smokers, summary of recent findings 75:lOS post-operative, incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers 74~92 132 prevalence in cement and rubber indus- try workers, smokers vs. nonsmokers 74~95.96 prevalence in Duisburg, Germany, by age and cigarette consumption 73:39 prevalence in ex-coal miners and non- miners by smoking habit 73~42 prevalence in heavy smokers 64:298 prevalence in male smokers by smoking patterns 74:79 prevalence in miners and farmers in Hungary, by smoking habit 73~42 prevalence in moderate smokers 64:298 prevalence in pipe and cigar smokers 73:220,221 prevalence in rubber industry workers, smokers vs. nonsmokers 74~96 prevalence in smokers in Glenwood Springs, Colorado 72139 prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmokers m Bordeaux, France 73136 prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmokers in mountainous and low-lying areas 73~36, 37 prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmokers in y3y;&, Japan prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmokers in Yugoslavia 72:40 prevalence in smoking vs. nonsmoking yarn mill workers 73:40 prevalence in the elderly, smokers vs. nonsmokers 74:78,79 prevalence in urban vs. rural population in Mongolia 74:SO prevalence in U.S., statistics 74:75 prevalence in wool and cotton textile workers in North Carolina 74:93 prevalence of 64~25,288 prevalence of, by sex 64:289 prevalence rates by sex and smoking history 67:96,99 and respiratory symptoms 68~74 and respiratory symptoms by smoking classification 67:97-98 role of constitutional factors in patho- genesis of 67:30, 102-103, 108-109 role of hereditary factors in pathogenesis of 67:30. 101-104, 108 and small airway abnormalities, in smok- ers vs. nonsmokers 74:97,98 in smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:69, 70 in smokers vs. nonsmokers, autopsy studies 73x45,46 smoking and 69:4 smoking and, effect on pulmonary func- tion 74:SO smoking in etiology of 67:29, 31, 96, 103, 104-106; 69:4; 72: 37 smoking vs. coat mining in etiology of 73~42 smoking vs. dust inhalation in etiology of 73~42 summary of previous findings on rela- tionship to smoking 74:75-78 see also Bronchitis, chronic Bronchitis, chronic 64:31,38,271,272, 277-302 ah pollution in 64~297,298 British incidence of 64:280,297,298 cigarette smoking cause and effect rela- tionship 71:3,9 cigarette smoking in 64:31, 277-302 definition of 64:278;71:139 diagnosis of 64:278,280 emphysema relation to 64:279,280.297,298 epidemiology of 64:280-294, 301 etiology of 64 64:38, 280-294, 298, 299, 302 histopathologic change in 64:271,272,300 incidence of, in high pollution areas 75~63.64 lung neoplasms related to 64:195;75:49 mortality in cigarette smokers 71:175 mortality rates 64:25;68:66,67;71:139 mortality ratios in 64:29,277,293,301 mucus production in 641272 occupational exposure in 64:298,299.300,302 ozone induction of 64 : 295 132 pathology of 64:211,212.214,215 prospective studies in 64~293,294 risk ratios in 64:31 smokers vs. nonsmokers 71:195-205 symptoms of 64:21,210-294 Bronchoconstriction from cigarette smoke in animals 68~12 Bronchogenic carcinoma see Carcinoma, bronchogenic Bronchopneumonia development in dogs following cigarette smoke inhalation 71:271 Bronchopulmonary diseases, chronic ob- structive 64:212,271-297,298 air pollution relationship in 64:38: 71:152.216-217 alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and 12:3,44 autopsy studies 73:4548 as cause listed on death certiticates vs. findings at autopsy 73:47 characterization of 71:139 cigarette smoking effects on develop- ment 71:4.9-11,175 definition 67:89-90 disabilities from 64~271 effect of smoking cessation on develop- ment 71:lO epidemiology 64:280-294,291, 298; 73:3645 epidemiology in Tecumseh, Michigan 72:39,40 genetic factors in pathogenesis of 71:148,150-152,205 increased prevalence of heterozygotes in 71:151-152 morbidity, smokers vs. nonsmokers in Berlin, New Hampshire 72~39 mortality 64~217 mortality and morbidity studies 73~36-39 mortality rates 713139-145 mortality rates for ex-smokers. and smokers vs. nonsmokers 72~3 mortality rates for pipe/cigar smokers vs. cigarette smokers 72~3 mortalitv rates in British citizens bv migration patterns 73:36 mortality rates in pipe, cigar, and ciga- rette smokers 71:175 mortality rates, smokers vs. nonsmokers 72:38.39 mortality ratios in male pipe and cigar smokers 73:216,217,219 occupational hazards and 72:4244 prevalence of 69:38 relation to pulmonary hypertension and car pulmonale 68~74-16 smoking effect on 64:31,211-302 smoking effects on ventilation-perfusion measurments in 71:163 smoking in etiology of 72~3331 summary of previous findings 73~35~36 summary of recent findings 73:55 see also Bronchopulmonary diseases, non-neoplastic Bronchopulmonary diseases, non-neoplastic air pollution and smoking in etiology of 74:82,83; 75:63-68 alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and smok- ing in etiology of 74:87-90 closing volume abnormalities, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 74:84-87 effects of alpha-l-antitrypsin deficiency in smokers vs. nonsmokers 75 :72-74 effects of partially deficient hetero- zygote phenotypes 75:73, 74 history of respiratory diseases and smok- ing in etiology of 74:90 incidence in autoworkers 74:80 incidence in firemen 75:68 mortality and morbidity 68:66-71 occupational exposure and smoking 74:80 prevalence in Boston policemen, smokers vs. nonsmokers 74:82,83 prevalence in the elderly, smokers vs. nonsmokers 74~18 prevalence in urban vs. rural population, in Mongolia 74:80 reference listings 74:107-118 134 small airways disease, pulmonary func- tion, and 74~84~87 small airways disease, smoking, and 74184-87 summary of previous findings 68:65;75:61,62 summary of recent findings 74:106, 101; 75:78 Bronchospasm 64:296 Buechley, Drake, and Breslow study 64~324 Buerger's disease smoke toxicity in 64~73,326 Bullous disease incidence in men by age. race, and smoking habit 74:90-92 Bureau of State Services, USPHS 64:13 Burma methods used in study of smoking and human pregnancy 71:393 Burns neoplasm initiation by 64:142 2,3-Butadione as suspected contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:145 Butane 64:60 Butylamine as suspected contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:145 Butylamine, N-methyl-nitroso suspected carcinogenic properties in ciga- rette smoke from 71:265 Butylmethylnitrosamine in cigarette smoke 67:29,31,96,103 Byssinosis development in smoking vs. nonsmoking cotton mill workers 75 :68 dust exposure and smoking in etiology ;::94-96 prevalence in men by index of severity and smoking habits 73:40,41 prevalence in smoking vs. nonsmoking cotton mill workers 73c39.55 smoking and 73:3941 Cachexia 64:13 Cadmium in cigarette smoke, relation to patho- genesis of emphysema 71:154 in emphysema etiology, in animals 74:104 Caffeine 64:349,351,352 California cancer registries 64: 127 California Legion Study expected deaths in 64:llO mortality ratios in 64:110,149 nonresponse rates in 64:113 California Occupational Study 64:95,106,211,342 bladder neoplasm prevalence in 64~222 expected deaths in 64:109 mortality ratios in 64:109, 149 nonresponse rates in 64:113 observed deaths in 64:109, 110 Canada COPD morbidity of smokers in 711204 coronary death rate in 64:320 human experimental data on smoking and pregnancy 71:409 infectious respiratory disease in, relation- ship to smoking 71:228 kidney and bladder neoplasms in smok- ers in 71:294 lung neoplasm death rate in 64:176 mortality rates from COPD 71:139-141.145 mortality ratio; from COPD 71:143 mortality ratios in smokers and non- smokers from pancreatic neoplasms 71:298 National Department of Health and Wel- fare 64:6 neoplasm risk in 64~121 prospective study, bladder neoplasm prevalence in 641222 thrombosis in, smoking relationship 71:132 Canadian veterans study 64:91,94, 342 expected deaths in 64:llO 135 lung neoplasm mortality ratios in, smok- ers vs. nonsmokers 71:241 mortality ratios in 64:110,149 nonresponse rates in 64:113 observed deaths in 64:llO Cancer see Neoplasms and specific neoplasm terms, e.g., Lung neoplasms Cancer registries 64:128,135 in California 64~121 completeness of 64:128 in Connecticut 64:128 in Denmark 64:220 mortality rates, by site, in 64:132 in New York 64~129 Cannibinols 64:349 Capillaries effect of smoking 73~22 Carbazole, 9-methyl- possible importance in tobacco carcino- genesis 71~266 Carbon-14 labeled smoke particulate deposition in hamster respiratory tract 71:281-282 Carbon black neoplasm risk from 64~141 Carbon dioxide in gas phase, in smoke 64:60 as suspected contributor to health hax- ards of smoking 72:145 Carbon monoxide 64:10,296,297 as air pollutant from cigarette smoke 72:7.121-123.125 and carboxyhemoglobin levels 69~28-29; 72~21-23, 127 and carboxyhemoglobin levels in smok- ers vs. nonsmokers 67~63 cardiovascular effects, experimental studies 73:17-19 cholesterol levels in rabbits, after ex- posure to 75:28 in cigarette smoke 67~63, 183 in cigarette smoke, formation of carboxyhemoglobin 71:8-9 coronary heart disease and 74:10-12 and decrease in exercise time before claudication 75:28 effect during pregnancy in laboratory animals 73:116,117,132,133 effect on aortas in animals 75:28 effect on birth weir&t and neonatal mortality in animals 73:133 effect on blood circulation in human beings 67:63 effect on cardiovascular system 72:22; 74:10-12 effect on cholesterol biosynthesis, in vitro 73:18 effect on cholesterol-fed rabbits 71:6546 effect on cholesterol level in aorta in rabbits 73:lS effect on coronary hemodynamics and ventricular function in dogs 73:18 effect on exercise performance in smok- ers vs. nonsmokers 73:18 effect on healthy smokers vs. nonsmok- ers 75:26 effect on human physiology 71:6062 effect on myocardium 68:3840,4344; 69:28; 75~29 effect on nonsmokers 72:126 effect on platelet stickiness in rabbits 73:18 effect on psychomotor performance 72:126 effect on reflex vasoconstrictor re- sponses 73:18,23 effect on vascular resistance 73:22,23 effect on vision 72:126 exposure to, and human absorption 75:21-28 from freeway traffic, effect on myocar- dial work capacity and angina 74:ll inhalation of, and effect on blood circu- lation in dogs 67:63 as most likelv contributor to health hazards of smoking 72:8,143 neonatal mortality effect from 64:343 psychological and physiological effects 72:125-128 136 summary of previous findings on rela- tionship to passive smoking 75:81,88,108 summary of recent findings 75:33 from tobacco smoke, effects on psycho- motor performance, including atten- tiveness and cognition function 75:99-101 see o/so Carbon monoxide levels Carbon monoxide levels in cigarette smoke 71:59 effect of room size, amount of tobacco burned and ventilation 75:90-9s effect on exercise performance 75:97 in fetal blood of smoking mothers 71:401410 from smokers in buses and planes 75:102 Carboxyhemoglobin effect on fetal tissues 71:401 formation from CO in cigarette smoke 71:8-9 formation in blood of smokers 71:60.15 see also Carboxyhemoglobin levels Carboxyhemoglobin levels 69:26,28 blood cholesterol and 72~23 blood circulation and 67163 in cigarette smokers, one hour after last cigarette 75:25,26 and Co burden in smokers vs. nonsmok- ers 75:25,26 coronary heart disease and 74:10-12, 19 during and following exposure to carbon monoxide 72:124,125 effect on CO absorption, in passive smokers 75t95.96 effect on exercise performance 73:246,241;75:91 in fetuses 75~26.27 following smoking of non-nicotine ciga- rettes 73:11, 18 in neonates of smoking mothers 73:118,119 in nonsmokers exposed to cigarette smoke 72:125 occlusive peripheral vascular disease and 72:26 in smokers 69:28-29,80 in smokers, and carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke 67:183 smokers vs. nonsmokers 67:63, 100; 72:21-23 in smokers vs. nonsmokers. by sex. race. employment status or urban location 75~22-24 summary of recent findings 75:33 in workers exposed to exhaust gases 7.5:21 Carboxylic acids as cocarcinogens 67:131 Carcinogenesis arvl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, and susceptibility- to carcinogens 75:50-53 bladder neoplasms, and tobacco smoke constituents 67:156 bladder neoplasms, and tobacco tars 67:156 bladder neoplasms, by o-aminophenols in laboratory animals 67:156 bladder neoplasms. by hydroquinone in laboratory animals 67:156 bladder neoplasms, by 3-hydroxyan- thranilic acid in laboratory animals 67~156 bladder neoplasms, by 3-hydroxy- kynurenine in laboratory animals 67:156 cell and tissue culture studies 73:84-86 effect of tobacco curing methods 73:212 epidermoid carcinoma, experiments in laboratory animals 67~35 experimental 68190-93; 69~6264; 12t65-61; 73:lSW; 74:46, 47; 75:48.49,50 initiating and promoting agents in ciga- rette smoke 73:68 initiating agents 64:142 initiating agents in cigarette smoke 72~66 lung neoplasms by cigarette smoke in laboratory animals 67:144 mechanism of action 73:78,80-81 mechanism of action, in lung neoplasm induction, in animals 74:46,47 and occupational asbestos exposure of smokers 67:35 and occupational uranium exposure of smokers 67~35 137 possible role of tobacco alkaloids in 69:61 promoters 64:142 7Hdibenzo-(cg)carbazole 67:127 dibenzo(a,i)pyrene 67:121 of respiratory tract in laboratory animals effect on cell transformations 73:78-80 73:84-86 role of cigarette smoke condensate 73:80-84 skin neoplasms by cigarette smoke 67~144 effect on orat mucosa in laboratory animals 72:70 effect on respiratory tract in laboratory summary of recent findings 75 :43 by tobacco smoke constituents in labora- tory animals 67~35, 144 Carcinogens 64:172 action on oral cavity, effect of saliva 713288 anthracene oil as 64:172 aromatic hydrocarbons, unspecified 69:61 animals 73:78-80 heterocyclics as 6454 hydrocarbons, extraction of 64:147 hydrocarbons, polynuclear, and tumor accelerators 75:48 hydrocarbons, reduction of 64:60 implantation 69:64 benz(a)anthracene 67~127 benzo@)fluoranthene 67~121 benzo(j)fluoranthene 67~121 benzo(g,h,i)perylene 67~127 benzo(c)phenanthrene 67~121 benzo(a)pyrene, and chrysotile asbestos, in animals 75149 benzo(a)pyrene, and exfoliative cytology of hamster lungs 75:47 benzo(a)pyrene as 64:5S bladder, in tobacco smoke 69164 in cigarette smoke 67:15.34; 75:49,50 in cigarette smoke condensate 74:41 cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoke conden- sate, in skin painting experiments in animals 73:210-214 creosote oil as 64:147 dibenz(a,h)acridine 67:127 dibenz(aj)acridine 67:127 dibenz(a,h)anthracene 67:127 dibenzanthracene as 64: 143 dibenzo(a,h)acridine as 64:59 dibenzo(a j)acridine as 64159 dibenzo(a.h)anthracene as 6455, 229 indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene 67~121 listing of, in cigarette smoke 7 1~265-266 metals as 64:166,167,189,193,194,232 N-nitrosamines 67~127,128 oral administration of, in mice 64:228 polycyclic aromatic compounds as 64:26 polycyclic, order of potency 64:56 polycyclic, structure of 64:56 pyro$; formation of role in tumor induction in animals 74:46,47 in smoke, effect on oral cavity 71:12 sterol hydroperoxides as 64~52 tobacco smoke constituents as 64:26, 33, 34, 5160, 141-148; 68:90,91; 73:210-214 use in experimental bronchogenic carci- noma 69~63-64 see o/so Carcinogenesis, and specific compound listings Carcinoid tumor prevalence in male and female smokers and nonsmokers 71:250 risk ratio of smokers 69:56 Carcinoma 64:165, 166 benzo(a)pyrene induction of 64:166 beryllium induction of 64:166 138 chromium induction of 64:167 classification of, in smokers vs. non- smokers 67:140 formation following animal skin painting with smoke condensates 71:337-342 induction in rats exposed to cigarette tars 71:348 induction in rhesus monkeys 64:166 in situ 64:172,203 tobacco tar induction of 64:143 undifferentiated, and pipe smoking 64:143 undifferentiated, and smoking 64:140-143 undifferentiated, relationship to ciga- rette smoking 71~248-249 see also Specific histologic types Carcinoma, alveolar cell 64:159 induction in mice by cigarette smoke inhalation 71:349 risk ratio of smokers 69~56 and smoking 64:143 Carcinoma, anaplastic 64:231 classification of 64:173 prevalence in male and female smokers and nonsmokers 71:250 Carcinoma, bronchogenic 64~229 animal models for 69~63-64 development in dogs following cigarette smoke inhalation 71:269,212-213 experimental induction of 64:33, 165,189;69:63-64 in dogs 64~33 mortality from, relationships to smoking, air pollution and residence 71:253 mortality in smoking vs. nonsmoking asbestos workers 71:257 mortality trends in 64:141 multiple primary 67:142-143 risk ratio of smokers 69:56 Carcinoma, epidermoid 64:165,231 experimental induction of 69:63-64 mortality from, relationship to smoking, air pollution and residence 71:254 pipe smoking and 67:143 prevalence in male and female smokers and nonsmokers 71:250 relationship of cigarette smoking to 71:246-249 risk ratio of smokers 69:56 smoking and 67:35,140-143 in women 64:159 Carcinoma, epithelial induction in mice by cigarette smoke inhalation 71:350 Carcinoma, oat cell 64:159,231 relationship of cigarette smoking to 71:247 smoking and 67:140-141 Carcinoma, oval cell 64:175 Carcinoma, small cell risk ratio of smokers 69:56 Carcinoma, squamous cell 64:166,231 development in mice drinking alcoholic benzo(a)pyrene 71:292 increase in 64: 175 induction of 64:189,228 in oral cavity, relationship to tobacco use 7 1:366-367 smoking in etiology of 72~69 Carcinoma, tracheobronchial induction in hamsters by cigarette smoke instillation 71~346-347 Cardiac index effect of exercise and smoking 73~242-244 Cardiovascular diseases 64:38,317-327 atherosclerotic, cigarette smoking rela- tionship 71:4 atherosclerotic, effects of CO 75~27. 28 glucose metabolism 68:40,41 mortality rates 64:25,317;69:17 mortality ratios in male pipe and cigar smokers 73:215,216 pathogenesis of 75:28, 29 139 pyschosocial factors in 64:327 response to smoking and nicotine 68:3442 in smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:37 smoking and 64:32, 38, 317-327; 67~3, 25-28, 4749;69:3-5; 73~3-23; 7413-19 smoking effects in 64:38,317-327 and sudden death 68:36 summary of previous fmdings 73:3; 74:3,4 summary of prospective epidemiological studies for cigar and pipe smokers 73:216 summary of recent findings 73~23; 74~19 see also Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Coronary diseases Cardiovascular system effect of carbon monoxide exposure 74:10-13 effect of catecholarnines on 67:60 effect of cigarette smoke on 71:56-58, 107-118 effect of nicotine on 67:60; 71:56-58,107-118; 74:13 effect of smoking on 67x26,60 Carotid body 64~69,318 Catecholamine levels effect of cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoke in dogs 73:216 effect of nicotine, in rats 74:13 Catecholamines 64~70,318 effect of nicotine on release of 67:60; 71:36,57,119 effect of smoking on release of 69:60; 71:s effect on blood circulation 67:60 effect on blood circulation in coronary arteries 71358 effect on blood pressure 67:60 effect on cardiovascular system 67:60 effect on heart rate 67~60 effect on myocardium 67:b0 and thrombogenesis 68132 see also Catecholamine levels Catholics smoking prevalence in 64~364 cats cardiovascular function in, smoking and nicotine effects on ll:llO, 111 ciliary function in, effect of cigarette smoke on 71~222-224 lungs of, cigarette smoke effect on sur- factant activity 711225 mucus secretion in 64:268 mucus secretion in, nicotineinduced effects 64:318 Cattle ciliary function in, effect of cigarette smoke on 71:221 Causality definition of 64:20,21 epidemiological methods in determining 64:20 statistical methods in determining 64:20 temporal factors in 64:185 CeU cultures malignant transformations induced by tobacco tars on carcinogens 73:84-86 tobacco carcinogenesis and 73~84-86 Cells atypical, in ex-smokers, smokers, and nonsmokers at autopsy 73:74 pathology of, in smokers 64:26,27,167-173 respiration of, cyanide effect on 64~266 stimulation of, by nicotine 64:349 Cellulose pyrolysis of 64 ~60 Cembrene 64:49 Central nervous system effect of carbon monoxide in smoke on 71:60 nicotine effects on 64:69, 70, 317,318 Cerebrovascufar diseases 64:103 definition of 71:66 epidemiological studies 74~16, 17; 75:29,30 incidence in longshoremen 74:17 incidence in men, Framingham study 74:ll incidence in women, smokers vs. non- smokers 74:16,17 140 interaction of smoking and other risk factors 73:19 mortality rates 64:325 mortality rates by age, sex and smoking classification 67:66;75:31 mortality rates, effects of cigarette smoking 71:9 mortality rates, smokers vs. nonsmokers 71:66-70; 72:2 mortality ratios by age, sex and smoking classification 67~66 mortality ratios in pipe and cigar smok- ers 73:215,216 oral contraceptives and smoking in etiol- ogy of 74:16,17 smoking and 67:27-28,66,68; 72~24.25 thrombosis, smoking and 67:21,68 see also Arteriosclerosis Cerium neoplasm induction by 64:166 Cervix carcinoma in situ of 64:172 Cesium 64:137 tobacco plant uptake of 64:146 Cessation of smoking 64:31,37,87,188,374,375,376 in adults 64:375 body weight increase following 64:326 compared benefits in cigarette vs. pipe/cigar smokers 73:172.173 death rate reduction foUowing 64:29,92 decreased clinical symptoms following 64:271.301 effect on absolute aerobic power 73~243 effect on bladder neoplasm mortality rate 67:155 effect on bronchitis mortality rate 67r29.94.96 . effect on COPD development If:140 effect on COPD develoument in British physicians 71:142 effect on COPD morbidity and mortality 71:175;72:41,42 effect on COPD morbidity in smokers vs. nonsmokers 7l:l46 effect on coronary disease mortality rate 67:25.28. SO: 71:32.4648. 106 effect on emphysema mortality.rate 67:29,94 effect on esophageal neoplasms 67~147 effect on infant birth weight 73: 107-109,112-114 effect on laryngeal neoplasm mortality rate 671149 effect on lung neoplasm mortality rate 64: 163, 187, 188; 67:24, 33, 137-140 effect on lung neoplasm mortality rate in gl34.136 effect on morbidity 67~24 effect on mortality rates 67:4,7,15-16,24,139 effect on mortality ratios 64:29,163 effect on mouth neoplasm mortality rate 67:141 effect on pharyngeal neoplasm mortality rate 67:147 effect on pulmonary surfactant levels 73:ss effect on respiratory symptoms 72:41,42 effect on respiratory tract neoplasm mortality rate 67: 147 effect on risk of lung neoplasms 69:55,57 effect on stomach neoplasm mortality rate 67:158 effect on tryptophan metabolism dis- orders 67:89-90 emotional disturbances followina 64:350 gastric ulcer recovery following 64~337 genetic factors in 64:191 group psychotherapy in 64:354 health improvement following 64:187,188,271,294 illness as a reason for 64:92 improvements in respiratory system 71:148,149 lung neoplasm development and 72~62 methods for 64:354 myocardiai infarct and 72:17, 18 as preventive measure in CHD 72:17,18 as preventive measure in occlusive dis- ease 73:21,22 141 psychosocial aspects of 64:374,375,376 reduction of risk following 64:37,163,187,188 reinforcing factors in 64:34 relation to incidence of CHD 71:32,4648,106 stomatitis nicotina resolution following 64:271: 69:87 as therapy for peptic ulcer 67:182 as therapy in arterial diseases 72~26 thromboangiitis obliterans treatment by 64:326 Channel blacks 64:147 Chemicals exposure to, in smokers vs. nonsmokers, by race and sex 75:69,10 Chemoreflex nicotine induction of 64:318 Chest illnesses prevalence of 64:287.288.301 prevalence `of, in pipe and cigar smokers 73:220,221 prevalence of. in smokers 64:27,297,298 in women 64:28Y Chewing tobacco see Tobacco chewing Chickens ciliary function in, effect of cigarette smoke on 713223 ciliastasis in 64~268 effect of cigarette smoke on embryos 7l:344 effect of nicotine on embryos CNS 71:411 Children effect of parental smoking 64:369;72:129 epithelial tissues in 64:170,173 passive smoking and 721129 respiratory illness and 72~129 of smokers, incidence of pneumonia and bronchitis lS:lOS, 106 of smokers, prevalence of respiratory symptoms 75:102,103 smoking patterns in 64:368,369 Chile atherosclerosis autopsy studies in 71:55,56 Chimney sweeps scrotal cancer in 64:147 skin cancer in 64:147 China ginseng root consumption in 64:355 Chlordane 64~62,145 Chlorinated hydrocarbons pesticide use of 64:62,145 Chlorogenic acid 64:54 Chlorpromazine 64:70 Cholesterol 64:326,385 biosynthesis, effect of carbon monoxide, in vitro 73:18 rabbits fed, carbon monoxide effects on 71:6SXi6 synergistic relationship of carbon mon- oxide in coronary atheromatosis 71~63 in tobacco 72~24 in tobacco smoke 72:24 see also Blood cholesterol levels Chromaffm tissue 64:69,318 Chromium carcinogenesis by 64:167 lung neoplasm induction by 64:189.193. 194 lung neoplasm mortality from 71:257-258 in mainstream smoke 64:SS neoplasm prevalence in workers exposed to 64:193,194,232 respiratory tract carcinoma in workers exposed to II:256 Chronic diseases smokers vs. nonsmokers 67:22 Chrysene carcinogenicity 67:127 carcinogenicity, as component of ciga- rette smoke 71:265;72:66 in tobacco smoke 67~127 Cigar and pipe smokers see Smokers, cigar and pipe Cigarette ash nickel in 64:167 Cigarette butts lengths 64~117 Cigarette filters see Filters 142