mortality ratios in, in mates 64:130,132 mortality ratios in, in smokers 64: 149 mortality ratios in, Japanese male smok- em vs. nonsmokers 7376, 71 mortality ratios, pipe smokers vs. non- smokers 67:35 mortality trends in 64:137 in nonwhites 64:209 recurrent, incidence in smokers vs. ex- smokers 73:71,14-II relationship of tobacco use and develop ment of 71:354-357 relative risk for cigar, pipe, and cigarette smokers 72:67; 73:76,77, 197-199 relative risk ratios from tobacco use 71~277,358 retrospective studies of 64~205-209 risk ratios in 64:209 in Seventh Day Adventists 64:209 smokers vs. nonsmokers 69:58-59 smoking in etiology of 64:32, 188, 189; 72:4,67,68 summary of previous findings on rela- tionship to smoking 68~89.90: 74~57 , , summary of retrospective studies 73:198,199 susceptibility to 64:189 in Sweden, retrospective study of 64:205,207 vitamin deficiency in 64:212 in women 64:234 Laryngitis reversibility of 64:275 bY"X atypical nuclei in cehs of smokers 69:58-59 effect of cessation of smoking on 69~59 epithelial changes in, classification of 71:281,283 epithelial changes in, smoke induced 64~275 hamster, C-14 labeled particulate deposi- tion in 71:281-282 histological changes in cigar, pipe, ciga- rette smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:197 premahgnant changes in, and smoking 695, 55 see also Vocal cords LaWS PL 89-92, requirements for smoking hazards literature review 71:7 PL 91-222, requirements for smoking hazards literature review 71:7 Lead arsenate 64:61 Leaf constituents hydroxy-coumarin as 64:145 Leather workers bladder neoplasm prevalence in 64~222,224 Leukemia and cigarette smoke 67:148 and tobacco tars 67: 148 Leukocytes effects of cigarette smoke on, in guinea Pigs 75~77, 78 Leukoplakia 64:233 experimentally induced, in rabbits 64:203 oral neoplasm development in smokers and 72:68,69 as precancerous lesion, 64:142 prevalence in tobacco chewing coal miners 73:75 reverse smokis and, 73~76 smoking and betel nut chewing 69:58 smok@ in etiology of 72:68,69 see also Stomatitis niwtina Licorice 64:62 Life expectancy W&ales, by cigarette consumption 6819, 10 Lip neoplasms chewing tobacco in 64:202 cigarette smoking in etiology of 73:190.191 cigar smokmg in etiology of 73:190,191 mortality rates in United States 67:145 pipe smoking in etiology of 64:32, 37, 188, 197, 204; 67:35. 145; 71:289; 72:4; 73:.190, 191 relative risk in pipe, cigar, and cigarette smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:190,191 retrospective studies of, by type of ?.l"Oki"g 64:201 snuff in 64:202 168 summary of retrospective studies 73:192 tobacco use relation to 64:233;71:361,362,365,367 see also Mouth neoplasms; Oral neo- Pbs Lipoproteins infiltration in arterial walls, carbon mon- oxide effects on 71:63 in snokexs vs. nonsmokers 71:99-102 Liquid pamffm 64:51 IiWI nicotine effects on 641342 Liver cirrhosis 64:103,342 and alcohol consumption 67:40 mortality rates, and smoking 67:39.1&l-185 mortality~rates. by age 67:184 mortality rates, by amount smoked 67:184 mortality rates, by sex 67:184 mortality ratios, by age 67:184 mortality ratios, by daily amount smok- ed 67:184 mortality ratios, by sex 67: 184 mortality ratios, by smoking classifka- tion for men 67:184 rates among cigarette smokers 71:s and anokiq 67139, 184-185 Lobeline as antitobacco agent 64:70,354 Local anesthetics 64:354 London mortality from smog 641295 London Transport Executive cough and smokh-g among male em- ployees of 64:281,286 Longevity 64199 constitutional differences in 64:112 Longshoremen coronary death rates in 64:323 pulmonary function in 64:292 respiratory conditions in 64:289 Los Angeles County General Hospital Study 64:173 Luminescence techniques of, use in determini% aro- matic hydrocarbons in urine 71:297 Lung diseases infections, and smoking, role in lung neoplasm development 74:47,48 in rabbits, similar to emphysema 69:41 in women 64~289 see also Bronchitis; Bronchitis, chronic; Emphysema; Respiratory symptoms; Respiratory tract diseases Lung function see Pulmonary function; Respiratory function tests Lung neoplasms 64:143,144,167 air pollution in etiology of 67:140;68:98,99; 71 :ll; 73:12 amount smoked in 64:105, 155, 175 anapiastic 64:159,160 in animals 68:93 asbestos exposure and smoking as risk factors 74z41-43; 75:49 in asbestos workers, by smoking habit 67:143 benzo(a)pyrene induction of 64:147 and blood cholesterol levels in male smokers 69:57 causality 64:30,31, 37 cigarette smoking in 64:31, 149, 175-196, 231; 71 :ll and cigar smoking 67:34, 138-140 classification of, in smokers vs. non- smokers 67:140-141 classification systems compared 64:174 decrease in risk of for ex-smokers 6957; 75~43 detection of by sputum analysis of smokers 69:58 development in dogs following cigarette smoke inhalation 71~239 and development of chronic bronchitis 75:49 early smoking factor in 64:158 effect of air pollution and smoking 75 :44, 41 effect of cessation of smoking on 67:15-17, 34, 139-140 effect of sex on development 71:ll environmental and atmospheric factors 711252-25s 169 epidemiological methods 64:175-189 epidemiological studies 69~55-58; 72:60-65; 73~68-72; 74:37,38; 75:44 epidermoid, in male smokers 6957 epithelial change in 64:168, 170,172 etiology of 64:s; 72~59.60 excessive smoking in 64~7 experimental 67:35, 144-145; 74~43-52 experimental induction by cigarette smoke 67:144 experimental induction by radioactive substances 67~128 experimental induction by tobacco smoke constituents 671145 ex-smoker risk in 64:158 filtering of tobacco 68:97 foreign-born mortality rate in 64:134 genetic factors and 64:167, 190, 191, 192,193 genetic factors and smoking as risk fac- tors 74137 group characteristics of tobacco use in smokers and nonsmokers 71:240,244, 329-333 groupings 7 I :246-334 in heavy smokers 64:151, 196, 230,232 histology of 64:159, 160, 167-173 ; 67:140-144 histology of, and smoking 7 11246-249; 74:38,39,4446 in human beings and laboratory animals 67:145 immunologic response to benzo(a)pyr- ene-induced tumor, in animals 74~48.49 incidence by smoking classification 67~34 incidence in British males by amount smoked 72162 incidence in cigar and/or pipe smokers vs. nonsmokers 74:39.40 incidence in cigar smokers 68:95.96 incidence in Czechoslovakian males by amount smoked 7261 incidence in Jewish vs. non-Jewish wom- ;;:63.64 incidence in male smokers 69:4 incidence in Norway 69:55-56 incidence in pipe smokers 68:95 incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers in India 74137, 38 incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers in Jersey, Channel Isles 73:70 incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers in LaPJata, Argentina 73:70 incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers in Philadelphia 73:7rl .- _- incidence in uranium miners 72:64,65 incidence in women 68:97; 69:4,57 incidence in women smokers vs. non- smokers 74:39,40 income class gradients in 64:134 increased mortality from 64:25, 26, 128, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 185,220,231,232 increase in mortality of female smokers 75147 inhalation patterns and 73:203 Kreyberg classification of 64~35, 159, 173, 174 Kreyberg study 69~55-56 in men, smoking as cause 67:33, 131 microscopic determination of 64:140 mortality from chromium compounds 71:257-258 mortality rates 64:36, 105, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141, 176; 67:8,34, 140;68:68; 69:57 mortality rates, age-specific 64:36 - - mortality rates, by age 67:132-137;68:94-99 mortality rates, by amount smoked 64:105,175;67:134-140 mortality rates by cigarette consump tion, by country 64:176 mortality rates, by degree of inhalation 67:134-136 mortality rates, by sex 67: 134, 140; 68:94-99 mortality rates, by smoking charac- teristics 67:131-140 mortality rates, by smoking classification 67:34, 138-140 mortality rates, by smoking history 67:134-137 mortality rates, effect of cessation of smoking on 67~4. 15, 34, 139 170 mortality rates expected in U.S. in 1970 71~237,239 mortality rates, for men 64:132, 175, 176; 67:132, 134135, 137, 139-140; 74:43 mortalitv rates. for women 64:i32, `135, 175; 67:34-35, 133-134, 136, 153 mortality rates in asbestos workers, smokers vs. nonsmokers 73173 mortality rates in Britain 64:195 mortality rates in British physicians vs. general population 67:16-17;73:70 mortality rates in, errors in measurement of 64:140 mortality rates in, occupational differ- ences in 64~95 mortality rates in, sex differences in 64:177,178,179 mortality rates in smelter workers ex- posed to arsenic 71:257 mortality rates in smokers 64~29, 162 mortality rates in smokers and nonsmok- ers 7 1: 240-243 mortality rates in smokers in Norway and Finland 7 1: 245-246 mortality rates in Sweden 64:176 mortality rates in United States 67:34; 71:239 mortality rates, smoking and 67:3, 10, 34 mortality rates, smoking duration and 64:36,175;71:240,244 mortality ratios 64:103, 113, 148, 149. 162. 175 mortality ratios, by amount smoked 67~134-140 mortality ratios, by degree of inhalation 67:134-136 mortality ratios, by sex 67:134, 140 mortality ratios, by smoking charac- teristics 64:164;67:134-136 mortality ratios. by smoking classifica- tion 67:138-140 mortality ratios, by smoking history 67:134-137 mortality ratios for cipar, pipe, and cigarette smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:203-205 mortality ratios for women 67~34-35, 136, 153 mortality ratios in Japanese by amount smoked and age started smoking 73169 mortality ratios in Japanese males by amount smoked 72:61 mortality ratios in Japanese women 72~63 mortality ratios in, variables affecting 64:163 mortality studies of, Limitations of 64:163 multiple primary, autopsy findings 67:141-142 multiple primary, in smokers 67:3S mustard gas in 64:195,196 nonrespondent rates, in surveys of 64:lSl oat-cell, in male smokers 69:57 observed mortality in 64:118 occupational exposures 64:193,194;71:12 occupational exposures and smoking 73:67 particle deposition in bronchi and site of 74:44,45 Phikdebhia Puhnonary Neoplasm Re- seardh Project h&pathologic study 74:38 pipe and cigar smoking in 64:31,37, 192,196, 233 pipe smoking 67:34, 138-140 and polonium 67:128 prevalence in females 64137 prevalence in males 64:35,37 prevalence in males and females by tumor type 71:246.250 prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmokers in Czechoslovakia 73:70 prevalence of, age factors in 64:177,178,179 prevalence of, in smokers 64:151 prevalence ratios in 64:182, 184, 185 previous respiratory history in 64:195, 196 prospective study in Czechoslovakian males 72:61 prospective study in Japanese adults 72:4, 60.61; 73:68,69 race as a factor, smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:70 radioactive induction of 64:172 reduction in number using filter-type cigarettes 7l:275 relationship of asbestos and smoking to 711257 171 relationship of chronic bronchitis and smoking to 72~62 relative risk in cigar, pipe, and cigarette smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:203,206-208 relative risk in ex-smokers by length of cessation and previous duration of habit 72~62.64 relative risk in ex-smokers vs. continuing smokers 73~72 relative risk in pipe/cigar smokers 73:67,68 retrospective studies of 64:150-165, 230,231 retrospective study methods for smoking relationships 71:240, 323-328 risk ratios in 64:160,183, 184, 185, 187, 188 risk reduction with filter vs. nonfilter cigarettes 74:40,41 role of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and polyaromatic hydro- carbons in 74~49-52 role of pulmonary infections and smok- ing in etiology of 74~47.48 and selenium in cigarettes 67:128 in Seventh Day Adventists 64~322 sex ratios in 64:133 sex ratio statistic 74:40 smoke inhalation in, urban-rural differ- ences in 64:133,186,194,195 and smokers 69:4-S of smokers, in Rhodesia 6957 smoking in etiology of 67~32-34, 141-144; 7l:3, 237, 276; 72:4,5,59,60;73:67 and smoking in men 67134 and smoking in women 67:10,34;71:246,251 summary of previous findings 75:3,5-8 summary of previous findings on rela- tionship to smoking 68:89,90;74:35-37 summary of recent findings 75:43 summary of retrospective studies 73:206-208 types implicated in smoking 71:237 typiq of 64:35,159.173,174,175 and ulcers, relation to smoking 69157 in uranium miners by smoking habit 67:143 World Health Organization classification of 64:173, 174 Xenon-133 washout technique for detec- tion of 74:43,44 see also Respiratory tract neoplasms; and specific histological types Lungs alveolar tissue, effect of smoking on 64:274,275;67:30 arterioles, effect of pipe/cigar smoking vs. cigarette smoking on 73:217 bactericidal activity, effect of nitrogen dioxide on, in mice 74:103 compliance 64~292 effect of cigarette smoke in laboratory animals 67:106 effect of cigarette smoke on tissue 64:274;71:343-345 effect of nitrogen dioxide 64:266;69:41 hamster, C-14 labeled particutates depo- sition in 71:281-282 histology of pipe/cigar smokers vs. ciga- rette smokers 73:217 histopathotogical differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:48.49 hygiene 64:267,268 injury 64~270 lesions 64173,295 parenchyma 64~27, 35, 167, 263, 264, 272, 301 parenchyma, effect of smoking on 67:144 pathological changes in emphysema pa- tients by smoking history and sex 67:lOS pathological effects of smoking on 64:165-172;69:5 physiology, new animal model for test- in3 of 74:102 polonium-210 levels, smokers vs. non- smokers 67:128 scars and susceptibility to carcinogens 69~64 see also Respiratory system Lymphosarcoma and cigarette smoke 67:148 and tobacco tars 671148 172 Lysozyme secretion by rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages 69:42 Macrophages, alveolar decrease in pinocytosis, in smokers vs. nonanokers 75176 effect of cigarette smoke on 67:llO; 69:42; 71:165; 73:52, 53; 74:so effect of nitrogen dioxide 7354 effect of tobacco smoke 72:47,48 lysozyme secretion in rabbits 69:42 and pathogenesis of chronic bronchopul- monary disease 64~43 reduction of enzymes in smokers 69~4243 response to migration inhibition factor or antigens, in smokers vs. nonsmok- tXS 75~76, 77 in sputum specimens of smokers vs. nonsmokers 72148 Macroehanes. oeritoneal effect of nicotine on, in mice 74:lOS Macrophages, pulmonary effect of cigarette smoke extract, in sheep lungs 74:lOS effect of cigarette smoke, in guinea pigs 75:77,78 effect of cigarette smoke, in rabbits 74: 104, 105 effect of smoking 72~3, 4,47-48;73:55 morphologic differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers 72~4.4748 summary of recent findings 75178 Mainstream smoke see Smoke streams Malathion 64:62, 145 Malaya betel nut-tobacco chewing in 64:203 Mammals effect of cigarette smoke tars on cells 71:343 nicotine metabolism in 64:71,72,73,74 Marihuana 64: 349 Marital status bladder neoplasms and 641224 smoking prevalence by 64:364 Masculinity 64:383,384.385 smoking behavior association with 64:372,373 Massachusetts General Hospital 64:141. 174 Mass spectrometry 64:Sl Maternal-fetal exchange effect of nicotine 72:88 polycyctic hydrocarbons and 73:119 seealso Smoking, maternal Maternal smoking see Smoking, maternal Maximum breathing capacity 64~290 Mayo Clinic 64:322 Mean expiratory flow rate 64:290 Measurement errors in smoking studies 64:97, 111 Men arteriosclerosis obhterans in 641326 bladder neoplasms in 64~219, 222, 224, 255 breathlessness in 64:286, 287 bronchitis prevalence in 64 ~289 chest illness in 64:288 chronic cough in 64:281,282,285 college students, smoking patterns in 641369 coronary diseases in 64:321,322,327 cough and sputum prevalence in 64:284 epithelial change in 64:170,173 forced expiratory volume in 64~290,291 increased lung neoplasm prevalence in 64:192 irreversrble obstructive lung disease in 64:288,289 laryngeal neoplasns 64:212 lung neoplasms in 64:183. 186 lung neoplasms in, by amount smoked 64:lSS lung neoplasms in. cigarette smoking in relation to 64:31, 37 lung neoplasms in, early smoking in 64:158 lung neoplasms in, prevalence of 64:231 lung neoplasms in, prevalence of. in Seventh Day Adventists 64:363 173 mortality rates in 64:28. 85 mortality ratios in 64:28 mortality trends in 64:133,135, 192 neoplasm mortality in, by site 64:132 neoplasm mortality rates in 64:135, 137, 175, 176 neoplasm mortality ratios in 64:130. 132.175 nonsmoke&, U.S. incidence of, by age 64:178 oral neoplasms 64:202,204 risk ratios in 64:161 risk ratios in, in bladder neoplasms 64:222 single, mortality trends in 64:lOl smokers, U.S. incidence of, by age 64:178 smoking and respiratory symptoms in 64~286 smoking habits of 64:231 smoking patterns in 64:177, 178, 179 smoking prevalence in 64:363 sputum production in 64:283 Menopause and cardiovascular disease, in women smokers vs. nonsmokers 74:10,19 coronary death rates following 64:321 1 ,8-p-Menthadiene 84:51 Menthol 64~62 Mesenchymal tumors classification of 64:174 Mesotheliomas classification of 64:174 Metal mine workers pulmonary function in 64~299 Metals as carcinogens 64:166, 167, 189, 193, 194, 230, 232 Metal-working trades neoplasm risks in 64:134 Metaplasia 64:170 anaplasia, lung neoplasms and 64:172 as precancerous change 64: 166 squamous, experimentally induced in lungs by cigarette smoke 67 : 144 squamous, in stomatitis nicotina 64271 squamous, mckel carbonyl in 64: 166 Methacrolein as suspected contiibutor to health haz- ards of smoking 72~145 Methane in tobacco smoke 64:60 Methanol 64:60 Methoxycoumarin 64:145 Methyl alcohol as suspected contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:145 6-Methylanthranthrene carcinogenicity, as component of ciga- rette smoke 72:66 Methyl chloride 64:60 3-Methylcholanthrene 64:166 effects during pregnancy in laboratory animals 73:117 20-Methylcholanthrene 64:203-228 Methyl ethyl ketone ' 64:52,60 Methylglycerol 64:62 N-methylnicotinamide urinary excretion, effect of smoking 67:156,71:297 Methyl nitrite 64:60 Methyl protoanemonin carcinogenicity of 64:145 Metrazol treatment of depression with 64:352 Metropolitan Life insurance Company 64:344 Mice bladder neoplasms in, induction by tryptophan metabolites 71:296 embryo, lethal effects of nicotine on 71:411 esophageal epithelium of, alcoholic ben- zo(a)pyrene penetrability of 7 I:292 esophageal epithelium of, oildissolved benzo(a)pyrene penetrability of 71:292 genetic variation in 64:167 induction of bladder neoplasms in 64~219,223 induction of bronchitis in 64:272 induction of epidermoid neoplasms in 64:166 174 induction of hepatomas in 64:145 induction of oral neoplasms in 64 : 202 induction of neoptaans in 64:143,144,146 induction of pulmonary adenomas in 641143, 144 induction of skin neoplasms in 64: 143 induction of squamous cell carcinoma in 643228 inhibition~of phagocytic clearance in 64:269 irritation in, by formaldehyde 64:260 lung neoplasm incidence in, from chro- mium oxide dust exposure 71~258 lungs of, effects of cigarette smoke on 64:165; 71:159,343,344 pulmonary carcinoma induction in, fol- lowing asbestos dust inhalation 71:257 pulmonary changes from chronic nitro- gen oxide inhaltion 71:161,220 pubnonary clearance in, cigarette smoke effects on 71:170 resistance to pneumonia bacteria follow- ing cigarette inhalation 71:173 respiratory tract of, cigarette smoke in- halation effect on 71:268-269, 349-353 skin painting of, smoke condensates ef- fects on 71:267,337-342 spontaneous neopfasms in 64:165 spontaneous pulmonary adenomas in 64:165 Migrants lung neoplasm rates in 64:194 Migration lung neoplasm risks in 64:195 &ration inhibition factor effmts on alveolar macrophages, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 75 ~76, 77 hiill workers breathlessness in 641286 chronic cough in 64:280 chronic respiratory disease in 64~289,299 Mineral oil carcinogenicity of 64~147, 148,229 MillW forced expiratory flow rates in 64:290 forced expiratory volume in 64~293, 294 impairment of pulmonary function in 64:299 mucous gland hyperplasia in 64:271 respiratory symptoms in 64~298,299 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inven- tory 64:366 Mitochondria effect of tobacco smoke on, in rat liver 74: 104 Molders neoplasm risk in 64:134 Mollusks citiary function in, effect of cigarette smoke on 7 1:223 Monkeys atherogenic effects of carbon monoxide and hypoxia 71:64 ciliary function in, effect of cigarette smoke on 71:222 fetal bronchial tubes of, effects of ciga- rette smoke on 71:345 rhesus, development of bladder neo- plasms from 2-naphthylamme 71:296 squirrel, nitrogen oxide effects on resist- ance to pneumococcus 71:173 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors effect on rabbits receiviw nicotine 69:27 Monohydric alcohols 64:52 Morbidity bladder neoplasms, and nnoking 67:155 bronchitis, and smoking 67:3,30,96-99 bronchitis, in smoking discordant twin pairs 67:102-103 chronic bronchopulmonary diseases 72~3941; 73~36-39 coronary diseases, smokers vs. non- smokers 67153-54 emphysema, and cigar smoking 67:97 emphysema, ard pipe smoking 67197 emphysema, and smoking 67:3,30,96-99 lung neoplasns, and smoking 67:3 peptic ulcers, and smoke 67:40 respiratory diseases, smokers vs. non- smokers among college students 67 :98 respiratory symptoms 75:62,63 175 and smoking 67:6, 19 in Danish twins, smoking effects on and smoking in college students 67 :98 and smoking in 45-54 age group 67:24 studies of 64:127, 133, 293,294 Morbidity rates bronchitis, by age and smoking history 67:96-98 bronchitis, by sex and smoking history 67:96-98 coronary disease, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers by age 67~54 emphysema, by age and smoking history 67~96-98 emphysema, by sex aid smoking history 67 196-98 smokers vs. ex-smokers 67:15 smokers vs. nonsmokers, by age 67~19-24 smokers vs. nonsmokers, by amount smoked 67: 19-24 smokers vs. nonsmokers, by sex 67 : 19-24 smokers vs. nonsmokers, by smoking history 67~19-24 Morbidity ratios angina pectoris, by smoking habit in males 68:20 angina pectoris, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 67:59 coronary diseases 69:19 coronary diseases, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers 67:59;71:21-22,24,30-35 coronary diseases, smokers vs. nonunok- ers and lung function 67156 coronary diseases, smokers vs. nonsnok- en by age 67 ~54 coronary diseases, smokers vs. non- smokers by blood cholesterol levels 6755 coronary diseases, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers by blood pressure values 67 :55 coronary diseases, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers by personality characteristics 67157 coronary diseases, smokers with predis- posing factors 71:24 coronary diseases, smoking and 71:32-35.37, 39 coronary diseases, smoking habit in males 68:17, 18 coronary diseases, retrospective studies 7 1:40,93-97 71:49-51 development of COPD in smokers vs. nonsmokers 71:145, 195-205 myocardial infarction, by risk factors in males 68~23 myocardial infarction, smokers vs. non- smokers 6759 mvocardial infarction, smokers vs. non- smokers by physical activity 6756 Mortatitv rates 64~25, 27, 30, 35, 36, 37,84,101, 162. 301 by age 67:9-10, 12-13, 23 by age, and smoking history 67:10;68:6 by age, for men 67:9, 10 by age, for women 67:23 age started smoking and 64:29,111 alcoholism, relation to smoking 67~10 amount smoked and 64:111;67:9,23 aortic aneurysm, for men by amount smoked 69:16 arteriosclerosis 64:25,321; 67~28 bladder neoplasms, by amount smoked 67:155 bladder neoplasms. by sex 67:154 bladder neoplasms, by smoking classif,- cation 67:155 bladder neoplasms, effect of cessation of smoking on 67:155 bladder neoplasms, for men by age 67:154 bladder neoplasms, in United States 67:154 from bladder neoplasms in U.S. for 1967 71:293 bronchitis 64:25,297; 67~8.90-91; 68:6668 bronchitis, and smoking 67:3,90-96 bronchitis, effect of cessation of smok- ing on 67:94. 96 from bronchopulmonary disease 71:141-145 cardiovascular diseases 69:17 cerebrovascular diseases, and athletic ac- tivity 67:68 cerebrovascular diseases, and coronary disease history 67~68 176 cerebrovascular diseases, and parental death history 67~68 cerebrovascular diseases, and smoking 67~68 cerebrovascular diseases, by age 67166; 75~31 cerebrovascular diseases, by sex 67~66; 75:31 cerebrovascular diseases, smokers vs. nonsmokers 71:66-67,68-70 cerebrovascular diseases, smoking classi- fication 67166; 75~31 in chronic bronchopulmonary disease 64:301;72:38,39; 73:36-39 in chronic bronchopulmonary disease, cigar/pipe smokers vs. cigarette smok- ers and nonsmokers 73:216,217 cigar smokers vs. nonsmokers 6718 in cigar smoking 64:30;67:7 compared rates for cigarette vs. pipe/ci- gar ex-smokers 73~172,173 Connecticut data on 64:132 coronary diseases 64~25, 320, 321; 6718. 25-28, 47; 71:21;75:14 coronary diseases, among physicians 68:17 coronary diseases, and age 67:47, 50-51; 69:13-14; 74:6; 75:14 coronary diseases, by amount smoked 67:51:69:12-13. 17 coronary `diseases, by blood cholesterol 69:17 coronary diseases, by blood pressure 69~14, 17 coronary diseases, by relative weight 69:14 coronary diseases, by sex 67~47, SO;69:13-14 coronary diseases, by smoking habit 67:51;69:14 coronary diseases, effect of cessation of smoking on 67:25,28,4749,50 coronary diseases in Japanese men and women by cigarette consumption and age started smoking 73:7,8 coronary diseases `m middle-aged men in seven countries 74~6 coronary diseases in survivors of myo- cardial infarction, smokers vs. non- smokers 74z4-6 coronary diseases, male smokers vs. ex- smokers by age 67~49 coronary diseases, paired combinations of high risk characteristics in 71~25 coronary diseases, retrospective studies 71.41) 93.97 coronary diseases, smokers vs. ex- smokers 67:9;69:15 coronary diseases, smokers vs. ex-smok- ers by amount smoked 67:49 coronary diseases, smokers vs. ex-smok- ers by smoking history 67:51 coronary diseases, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers 69:12-13, 15-17; 71~24, 26-29; 74z3-6 coronary diseases, smoking and 67:10,27.65-66 in Danish twins, smoking effects on 71:51 differences in rates, defined 68:7 digestive tract neoplasms, by amount smoked 67: 147 digestive tract neoplasms, by smoking classification 67:147 duration of smoking in 64:29,36 early smoking and, excess in, in smokers 64:29, 30, 35, 36, 84, 111,162, 301 emphysema 64:25; 67:34,8,90-91; 68:66-68 emphysema, effect of cessation of smok- ing on 67:7.24,29 esophag& neoplasms 67:150,153;68:102;71:289 esophageal neoplasms, by age 67:150 esophageal neoplasms, by amount smok- ed 67:150 esophageal neoplasms, by smoking classi- fication 67:150 esophageal neoplasm% for men by age 67:150 . esophageal neoplasms, for women 67:153 esophageal neoplasms in Japanese males by smoking and drinking characteris- tics 72~71 in former smokers, relation to CHD 71:46,4748 in heavy smokers 64:36, 107, 111. 163 .nhalation patterns and 64:111;68:5 from kidney neoplasms in U.S. for 1967 71~296. in laryngeal neoplasms 64:205;67:153;68:101,102 laryngeal neoplasms, by age 67:148-149 laryngeal neoplasms, by amount smoked 67:149 177 laryngeal neoplasms, by sex 67:148 laryngeal neoplasms, by smoking classi- fication 67: 149 laryngeal neoplasms, for women 67:148 from laryngeal neoplasm?,, in Japanese smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:102 lip neoplasrns, in United States 67:145 liver cirrhosis, and smoking 67:40, 184 liver cirrhosis, by age 67:184 Liver cirrhosis, by amount smoked 67:184 liver cirrhosis, by sex 67:184 liver cirrhosis, for men 67:184 lung neoplasms `64:25, 29; 67:8, 153; 68:68, 94-99; 6957 lung neoplasms, and smoking 6713 lung neoplasms, by age 67:34, 134-137,140 lung neoplasms, by amount smoked 67:137.140 lung neoplasms, by birth cohorts 67:131-133 lung neoplasms, by sex 67:134,137, 140 lung neoplasms, by smoking characteris- tics 67:134-136,140 lung neoplasms, by smoking classifica- tion 67:136,140 lung neoplasms, by smoking exposure 67~34 lung neoplasms, by smoking habit 67:136, 140 I lung neoplasms, by smoking history 67:134-137 lung neoplasms, cigar smokers 67:34, 140 lung neoplasms, effect of cessation of smoking on 67~34, 140 lung neoplasms, effect of reduction of smoking on 67:4 from lung neoplasms expected in 1970 71~237,239 lung neoplasms, ex-smokers 67:140 lung neoplasms, for men 67:34, 131.133-137, 139-140 from lung neoplasms for 1939 vs. 1967 in U.S. 71:239 lung neoplasms, for women 67:132-133. 136.153:75:47 lung neoplasmsin Jabanese women 72~63 from lung neoplasms in smelter workers exposed to arsenic 713257 lung neoplasms, pipe smokers 67:140 lung neoplasms, reduction in, British physicians 67:lS male-female ratios in 64:133 mouth neoplasms, by age and amount smoked 67:146 mouth neoplasms, by smoking classifica- tion 67:146 mouth neoplasms, for women 67:153 mouth neoplasms, in United States 67: 145-146 from myocardial infarction 75:14 neoplasms 64:128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 137,138,139 neoplasms, by site, in women 64:132 neoplasms, increase in 64:127,136 neoplasms, in Japanese smokers vs. non- smokers 68:17 in nonwhites 64:218 occupations 64:134;67:11 from oral neoplasms in 1967 71:285 overall rates for cigar smokers vs. pipe smokers 73:179,180 overall rates for pipe/cigar smokers and dose-reseonse relationshios 73:180-i89 overall rates for pipe/cigar smokers vs. nonsmokers 731179,180 overall rates from cancer in pipe and z;;ykers pancreatic neoplasms 68:103: 72~14 pancreatic neoplasms by age 67:1$8-159 pamytrc neoplasms, by amount smok- 67:159 pancreatic neoplasms, by sex 67:153,158, 159 pancreatic neoplasms, by smoking classi- fication 67:1X' paralysis agitans 67:8 peptic ulcer 67:40, 181-182; 71:423 peptic ulcer, by age 67:181 peptic ulcer, for men 67:181-182 178 peptic ulcer, smokers vs. ex-smokers 67:181 ph;yn$ neoplasms pharyngeal neoplasms, by smoking classi- fication 67~35 pharyngeal neoplasms, for women 67:153 in pipe smokers 64:30; 68:6 pipe smokers vs. nonsmokers 67:lO Poisson distribution of 64:117,118 reduction in, effect of cessation of smok- by16 from `renal neoplasms m males, by age, type and smoking habit 68:105,106 respiratory tract neoplasms, and smoking 67:5-7,9-10, 147 rural vs. urban 64:133;67:11 in selected diseases 64126 by sex 67:12-13 of smokers, non- and ex-smokers 68:5-8,69 smokers vs. ex-smokers 67~9, 15 smokers vs. ex-smokers, by smoking his- tory 67:9 smokers vs. nonsmokers 67~8-9, 19; 71:3 and smoking 675-9; 69~3 by smoking history 67:9-10, 23 stomach neoplasms, by age 67:157-158 stomach neoplasms, by amount smoked 67:157-158 stomach neoplasms, by smoking classi- fication 67:157-158 stomach neoplasms, effect of cessation of smoking 67:157-158 stroke 69:17 stroke, by age 67~67; 69:12-13 stroke, by amount smoked 67~67; 69x12-13 stroke, by sex 69:12-13 stroke, smokers vs. exsmokers 69:15 stroke, smokers vs. nonsmokers 69:12-13, 15 in Swedish twins, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers 71:51 studies of 64: 100 study of Chicago Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co. employees 69:16-17 summary of previous findings 75:3-8, 13 summary of previous findings on rela- tionship to smoking 68:5-10 trends 64:135,140 urinary tract neoplasms, by age 67:1S4 urinary tract neoplasms, by amount smoked 67:154 urinary tract neoplasms, by smoking classification 67:154 urogenital neoplasms, by age 67:154 U.S. male veterans from CHD 71126, 38 in veterans 64:88.293 in women 64:133 in women smokers 67:1,9;68:6,8,9 Mortality ratios 64:36, 84, 99, 101, 118, 119;69:12-13, 18 after cessation of smoking 64:29, 111 age effects on 64:36,87 alcohol consumption and 64:112 by amount smoked 67:150,153 aortic aneurysm, for men by amount smoked 69:16 behavioral factors in 64:lOl bladder neoplasms 67~36. 154 bronchitis 64:28,29,293; 67:90,94 cerebrovascular diseases, by age 67~66 cerebrovascular diseases, by sex 67~66 cerebrovascular diseases, by smoking classification 67 ~66 in cigarette smokers 64~28.29. 35 in coronary diseases 64~29, 184 coronary diseases, associated with other complicating diseases 67~52 coronary diseases, by age 67125-26.49. 51-52:69:12-13. 18 coronary diseases, by amount smoked 67~49 coronary diseases, by blood pressure status 67:52 179 coronary diseases, by sex 67:49:69:12-13 coronary diseases, by smoking habit 67.51-52 coronary diseases, by smoking history 67~25-26 coronary diseases, by sooiocultural mo- bility status 67~57 coronary diseases, for men by age 67~48 coronary diseases, for men by amount smoked 67~48 coronary diseases, smokers vs. ex-smok- ers 69:15 coronary diseases, smokers vs. nonsmokers 69:12-13, IS coronary diseases, with high risk charac- teristics, estimated 71:25 daily cigarette consumption and 64:89 definition of 64:28, 117;67:11;68:6 duration of smoking in 64:lll educational level factors in 64:112 in emphysema 64~28.29 esophageal neoplasms, by age 67:lSO esophageal neoplasms, prospective and retrospective studies 71:289-291 m ex-smokers 64:104 genetic factors in 64:36. 112.113 in intluenza, in smokers 641276 inhalation effects on 64:36,91,92 internal consistency of 64:130 laryngeal neoplasms 67~35; 71~277-279 laryngeal neoplasms, by age 67:149 laryngeal neoplasms, by amount smoked 67~149 laryngeal neoplasms, by smoking classi- fication 67:149 laryngeal neoplasms, cigar smokers vs. nonsmokers 67:35 laryngeal neoplasms, for men by age 67:148-149 laryngeal neoplasms, for women 67:153 laryngeal neoplasms. pipe smokers vs. nonsmokers 67:35 liver cirrhosis 64:342:67.184 liver cirrhosis, by age 67:184 liver cirrhosis, by sex 67:184 liver cirrhosis, by smoking classification 67:184 liver cirrhosis, for men 67:184 liver cirrhosis, for men by amount smok- ed 67:184 longevity and 64:99,100 lung neoplasms and 64:28, 29, 133, 163, 164,175-189 lung neoplasms, by age 67:134-140 lung neoplasms, by amount smoked 67:135,137-140 lung neoplasms, by sex 67:13S, 137-140 lung neoplasms, by smoking characteris- tics 67:134-136 lung neoplasms, by smoking classifica- tion 67:139-149 lung neoplasms, cigar smokers 67:140 lung neoplasms, for men 67:34, 134-135.137-139 lung neoplasms, for women 67:34, 153 lung neoplasms, in Japanese males by amount smoked 72:61 lung neoplasms, in males by cigarette smoking duration 71:240, 244 lung neoplasms in smokers in Norway and Finland 71:246 lung neoplasms, pipe smokers 67: 140 measurement limitations of 64:98 mouth neoplasms 67135 mouth neoplasms, by age and amount smoked 67: 146 mouth neoplasms, by smoking classifica- tion 67:146 mouth neoplasms, cigar smokers vs. non- smokers 67~35. 146 mouth neoplasms, for women 67r153 mouth neoplasms. pipe smokers vs. non- smokers 67:35, 146 neoplasms. by site 64:149 in occasional smokers 64:163 occupational exposure and 64:112 180 pancreatic neoplasms, by sex 67:158 pancreatic neoplasms, for men by age 67:159 pancreatic neoplasms, for men by amount smoked 67:159 pancreatic neoplasms, for men by smok- ing classification 67~159 pancreatic neoplasms, for women 67:153 from pancreatic neoplasms in smokers and nonsmokers 71:289-299 peptic ulcer, for men by age 67:181 from peptic ulcer in smokers and non- smokers 711424 peptic ulcer, smokers vs. ex-smokers by age 67:181 phPryngea1 neoplasms 67:35 pharyngeal neoplasms, by age and amount smoked 67:146 pharyqeal neoplasms, by smoking class- ification 67:146 pharyngeal neoplasms, cigar smokers vs. nonsmokers 67~35 pharyngeal neoplasms, for women 67:153 pharyngeal neoplasms, pipe smokers vs. nonsmokers 67~35 pharyngeal neopfasms, smokers vs. non- smokers 67~3 in pipe and cigar smokers by age and inhalation 73:184,187 previous respiratory history and 64:112 psychological factors in 64:lOl sampling in 64:95,98,99 smokers vs. nonsmokers, from lung neo- plasms 71:240-243 stability of 64:117 stomach neoplasms, by age 67:157 stomach neoplasms, by amount smoked 67:157 stomach neoplasms, by smoking classi- frcation 67:157 stroke, by age 69:12-13 stroke, by amount smoked 69:12-13 stroke, by sex 69:12-13 stroke, for men 67~67 stroke, for men by amount smoked 67167 stroke, smokers vs. exjmokers 69:lS stroke, , smokers vs. nonsmokers 69:12-13, 15 thrombosis, by age 67~36 thrombosis, by smoking history 67~26 underestimation of 64:lll urban-rural differences in 64:99 urinary tract neoplasms, by age 67~154 urinary tract neoplasms, by smoking classification 67:154 urogenital neoplasms, by amount smoked 67:154 in white population 64:132 Motor vehicle exhaust hydrocarbons as 64~296 Mouth retention of tar in 64x264 Mouth epithelium histopathological change in 64:271 keratinization of 64:203 smoking effect on 64x275 Mouth neoplasms and cigar smoking by age 67:146 and cigar smoking in men 67: 146 experimental induction by pipe tobacco smoke 67:147-148 frequency in smokers and nonsmokers 71:238 mortahty rates, by age 67:146 mortality rates, by amount smoked 67:146 mortality rates, by smoking classification 67:146-147 mortality rates. for women 67:153 mortality rates in United States 67:145 mortahty ratros 67:35 mortality ratios. by smoking classifica- tion 67:35. 146 mortality ratios. cigar smokers. men. by as 67: 146 mortality ratios, for men by age 67:146 mortality ratios, for pipe smokers 67:35, 146 and smoking 67:35, 145-147 smoking induced 71:12 and tobacco use 67:145 in women, smokers vs. nonsmokers 67:153 see also Gingival neoplasms; Lip neo- plasms; Oral neoplasms; Palatal neo- plasms; Salivary gland neoplasms; Tongue neoplasms Mucociiiary transport effect of smoking 74:101,102 Mucopolysaccharides function as surfactants in lung tissue 71:172 Mucous cells hyperplasia in 64~212 hypertrophy of 64:271 increase in number of 64~269 Mucous glands abnormalities, in smokers vs. nonsmok- ers 74:97 morphological changes in 64:35.268.271 Mucous membranes effect of cigarette smoke on 67:140 effect of smoking on 67:144 irritation of 64~73 smoking and neoplasms of 69:58 Mucus alterations in 64~268 reduction of, by smoke 64:270 secretion 64:268,269,270 Muscles, skeletal curariform action of nicotine in 64 :69 Mussels ciliary function in, effects of cigarette smoke on 71~221,222 Mustard gas 64:195,196 Mutation rate hypothesized variation in 64:192 Myocardial infarct 64:320,323 acute, and smoking effects on blood circulation in coronary disease pa- tients 67 ~62 cholesterol levels and relapse rate 68:23 coffee drinking, smoking and 74:8; 75:19,20 coronary thrombosis and 64:321 damage to rabbits after exposure to carbon monoxide 75~29 in Danish twins 71:51 epidemiological study in Goteborg, Swe- den 72:14, 15,16 etiology of 69:27-28 etiology of, smoking as 64~325 fatal, incidence of, and smoking 67159 in German, Japanese, and Norwegian smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:18,19 incidence in European vs. American men 73:9 incidence in male smokers vs. nonsmok- ers 68:18, 19,23 incidence in men in Yugoslavia 73:9 incidence in men with and without ventricular premature beats 74:lO incidence in miners in Sardinia 73:lO incidence in Minnesota men by age and smoking habit 72:14,15 incidence in pipe and cigar smokers 73:215 and incidence of coronary disease 67:53 incidence rates and smoking 69:21-22; 72:lS morbidity ratios, for smokers vs. non- smokers 67:56,59 mortality, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 75:14 nonfatal, morbidity ratios, smokers vs. nonsmokers 67~59 prevalence in current vs. ex-smokers 74~8 prevalence in farmers 64~323 prevalence in smoking vs. nonsmoking men in Czechoslovakia 73:lO recurrence in smokers vs. nonsmokers, in Buenos Aires 74:9 and smoking 69:4, 18; 73:19 and smoking in lndia 74:8 summary of previous findings 75:4,13 182 in Swedish women smokers vs. nonsmok- ers 75:14 see also Coronary diseases Myocardium arteriole wall, effects of filtered cigar- ettes in dogs 72:20 arteriole wall thickness in smokers vs. nonsmokers 72:2,19 arteriole wall thickness in smoking and nonsmoking dogs 72~2.20 effect of catecholamines on 67:60 effect of cigarette smoking on 67:60;69:11;71:5,8 effect of nicotine on 67:60 effect of nicotine on catecholamine re- lease from 67:60 effect of nicotine on, clinical and exper- internal studies 67~26 effects of hydrogen cyanide in smoke on 71:62 oxygen consumption in nicotine stimu- lated 71:59 oxygen demand of, nicotine effects 71:38 see also Heart Myosmine structural formula of 64~49 2-Naphthylamine development of bladder carcinomas and papillomas in dogs, hamsters, and monkeys 71~296, suspected bladder carcinogen in tobacco smoke 71:265 Naphtols 64~54 Nas (tobacco and ashes) and oral neoplasms in the USSR 6958 Nasopharyngeal neoplasms in smokers vs. nonsmokers, in Taiwan 75:so National Cancer Institute 64~7 Biometry Branch 64:137,138,139 National Center for Health Statistics 64:13 survey of U.S. smoking habits by 715-6 survey on relationship of smoking and incidence of respiratory disease 71:173 National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health responsibilities 71:7 survey of smoking, 1970 71:6 National Cooperative Poolirg Project mortality statistics from coronary dis- YL-22 National Heart Institute 64:7 National Institutes of Health 64:13 National Library of Medicine 64:13, 14 assistance in literature review on smok- 5?:7 National Safety Council 64:344 National Tuberculosis Association 64:8 National Vital Statistics Division 64:134 Natural gas respiratory tract carcinoma in workers exposed to 71:256 Neonates effect of maternal smoking on 67139, 185-187 rats, LD 50, nicotine determination 71:412 see ofso Birth weight; Infant mortality; Smoking, maternal Neoplasms adenomatous, induction in mice by ciga- rette smoke inhalation 71:350 age-adjusted incidence of 64:183 benign, in mice 64: 165 classification of, by World Health Or- ganization 64:173 death statistics in, validation of 64:lOl development in smoking dogs, per- centages of 71:274 experimental, bronchogenic carcinoma 69:63-64 experimental, epidermoid carcinoma 69:64 experimental, induction by tobacco smoke 67135 female mortality trends in 64:129, 131,132,133, 135, 137 induction of 64:33, 143, 146, 147, 148, 166 mammalian, cigarette smoke effect on 71:343 mortality rates in alcoholics 73:71 183 mortality rates in, international statistics :::129, 130, 131 mortality rates in Japan 68: 17 mortality ratios in, by site 64:137,148,149 mortality trends in 64:135,137 occupational factors in 64: 147 prevalence of, smokers vs. nonsmokers 6956 recurrent primary, incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:71,74 by sex 69:56 sex ratios in, in mortality 64:132,133 by site 64:127, 133, 134, 148, 149, 188, 189,191,197,211 smoke constituents in, as promoters 64~26, 229 smoking and 72:4,5,59-75 summary of previous findings on rela- tionship to smoking 68:89,90;73:67,68;75:3-8 summary of recent findings on relation- ship to smoking 73:88; 74:58,59; 75:43,54 by type of tumor and smoking history 69~56 typing of 64:35 virus induction of 64:142, 166 see ah Cancer registries; and specific neoplasm terms, e.g., Lung neopiasms Nephritis 64:103 Netherlands cigarette smoke inhalation effects on mice respiratory tract in 71:349 lung neoplasms, methods of retro- spective study of smoking in 71:323 serum lipid difference, in smokers vs. nonsmokers of 71:lOl Neuroticism 64~365, 366, 367 New Haven Study 641186 Newton, Massachusetts study 64:368, 369,370 New York City myocardial infarctions in cigar and pipe smokers in 71:32, 38-39 New York State cancer registry in 64:127, 129 neoplasm statistics in 64:135 New Zealand coronary death rate in 64:320 human experimental data on smoking and pregnancy 7 1:408409 Nickel anaplastic changes from 64:166 carbonyl, as a cocarcinogen 69:62 chloride 64:55 cigarette content of, in ash and smoke 64:55, 167 compounds, suspected carcinogenic agents in cigarette smoke 71:265; 72:145 metaplasia and 64:166 Nickel workers 64:193, 194, 232 Nicotine 64:49,69-75 absorption of 64:73,74, 349 acceleration of alpha rhythm by 64:70 administration of 64:349 antigenic properties 72:104 atherogenic effects of 71:120-122 carcinogenic effect of 64:144 in cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoke 73:177 clinical effects on offspring of smoking mothers 73:140,141 coronary heart disease and 74:13,19 degradation of 64~74 dosage of 64:74,35? in duodenal ulcer induction in cats 73:158, 159 effect as antidiuretic 64:69 effect as cerebral anoxia 64:70 effect as chronic toxicity 64:32,73,74 effect as convulsant 64~70 effect as curariform action 64:69 effect as depressor action 64:74 effect as digestive disturbance 64~74 effect as discharge pattern 64:70 effect as emetic 64:70 184 effect as nausea 64:71,74 effect as paralysis of gatlglia 64:317 effect as stimulation 64:69 effect as stimulation of ganglia 64:317 effect as tranquilization 64:350 effect as vasomotor activity 64:70,74 effect during pregnancy 67:186-187 effect during pregnancy in laboratory animals 72:88;73:115,116 effect in "arousal" action 64~70,350 effect on adipose tissue, in rats 74:13 effect on apexcardiogram 72:21 effect on autonomic nervous system 67:60 effect on birth weight in rats 72:88 effect on blood circulation 60:61 effect on blood circulation in coronary disease patients 67:61 effect on blood lipids 71:123-128 effect on blood pressure 64:70; 67:60; 71:36 effect on blood vessels 67:62 effect on bronchoconstrictor response in laboratory animals 72:46 effect on cardiac rhythm of heart 71:36 effect on cardiovascular system 67:60;71:56-58, 107-118 effect on cardiovascular system in dogs 73:17 effect on catechohunine release 67:60;71:36,119;75:29 effect on cats 64:70 effect on chemoreceptor activity 64169 effect on chemoreflex induction 64:318 effect on chlorpromazine inhrbition 64:70 effect on ciliary activity 64:268 effect on colon 64:71 effect on dogs 64:70 effect on fetus in laboratory animals 72:88 effect on gastric secretion 72~97 effect on gastric secretion in cats 73:158, 159 effect on gastric secretion in rats 73:159 effect on gastrointestinal secretion in dogs 72~6 effect on habituation 64~349-354 effect on heart blood flow in dogs 73117 effect on heart function 67:60 effect on heart rate 67:60;71:36 effect on hypercholesterolemic rabbits 69~27 effect on immune resoonse in man 72:109 effect on lactation in laboratory animals 73:138,139 effect on lactation in smokers vs. non- smokers 73:139, 140 effect on lipid biosynthesis in aorta in dogs 73:17 effect on lipid metabolism in rabbits 72~21 effect on liver 64~342 effect on microcirculation in atrium in cats 73:17 effect on monkeys 64:70 effect on mucus secretion 64~268,269 effect on myocardium 67:26,60 effect on myocardium oxygen demand 71:38 effect on myometrial strips in gravidic women 71:408 effect on nicotine-sensitive cells 64:69 effect on novice smoker 64:70 effect on pancreatic secretions in animals 73:161, 162 effect on peripheral vascular system 71:72, 75, 133-134; 72:25,26 effect on peritoneal macrophages, in mice 74:105 effect on pinocytosis, in mouse perito- neal macrophages 74:105 effect on pipe/cigar smoke inhalation 73:183, 184 effect on pregnancy 71:411-414 effect on pregnant laboratory animals 67:187-188 effect on pregnant rats 69:80 185 effect on rabbits 64:70 effect on rat and mouse fetus, site of action 73:121 effect on respiration, clinical experi- mental studies 67:26 effect on respiratory system 64:70 effect on respiratory tract in rats 74:104 effect on supraopticohypophyseal sys- tem 64169 effect on sympathetic ganglia cells 64169 effect on systolic pressure rise 64~74 effect on vascular resistance in dogs 67~60 effect, tolerance to 64:353. 354 effect, toxicity from 64~74 effect, tremors from 64:70 effect, unpredictability of 64:69 excretion, by passive smokers 75197 experimental studies 72:21;73:16, 17 hypoxia and 72~21 induction of necrosis in arterial walls 71163 as most likely contributor to health hazards of smoking 72:8,143 neurogenic effects of 71157 N-oxides, presence in tobacco smoke 69362 oxidized. in vitro ciliostatic effects 69:42 as potentiator of duodenal ulcers in animals 73:161-163 pyrolysis of 6-1~59 secretion, effect of cigar, pipe and ciga- rette smoke in dogs 73:216 structural formula of &I:49 substitutes for h-1:34,354 suppression 01 immunoglobulin rc- sponsc. in cell cultures 75177 systemic to.Gcity ol 64:71. 73 tissue storage of 64:71 toleration ot. 64:352.353.354 toxicity of 64:32,11~13,14,352,353,354 see also Nicotine content; Nicotine me- tabolism: Nicotine pharmacology Nicotine content in blood, new assay methods 73:15, 23 and cigarette smoke 72:21 and cigarette smoke and tumorigenicity 67134 effects of room size, amount of tobacco burned and ventilation 75:91-94,97 in little cigars compared to cigarettes and cigars 73:223-226,228 in milk of laboratory animals 73:138, 139 in milk of smoking mothers 73:139 smoker awareness of 64:349 and tar content, and tumorigenicity of cigarette smoke 67:15 and tar content, of cigarette smoke as measurement of dosage 67:15 Nicotine metabolism 64:31,71,72 metabohtes 69:61-62 metabolites, excretion of 64:11,72 pathways of, in mammals 64~72 see also Cotinine Nicotine pharmacology 64:32. 69.70.71.72.317.318.319. 320,349 effect of acetylcholine on 67:60 effect of adrenalectomy on 67:60 effect of tetraethylammonium chloride 0" 67:60 Nine-State Study expected deaths in -64:109 mortality ratios in 64:109,149 observed deaths in 64:109 Nitrates in tobacco smoke 67:128 Nitric ovidc r\posure to 64~266 as probable contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:144 Nitrogen gas phase. cigarette smoke 64:60 Nitrogen bases 64:54 186 Nitrogen dioxide 64:60,266 ciliastatic effect of 64:268 effect on AHH activity 7452 effect on alveolar wall cells in guinea pigs 73:50 effect on bacterial retention in hamsters 73:54 effect on bactericidal activity in mouse lung 74:103 effect on pulmonary physiology, in ani- mals 74:102-103 effect on pulmonary physiology. in mon- keys 74:103 effects on rats' lungs 69:41; 72146.41; 73~49.50 in emphysema etiology 72:46 obliterative fibrosis from 641266 as probable contributor to health haz- ards of smoking 72:144 pulmonary changes in rodents chroni- cally inhaling 71:161, 220 pulmonary edema from 64~266 toxic action of 64:295 Nitrogen oxides 641296,297 as air pollutants in cigarette smoke 74:124. 125 in cigarette smoke 64:296,297 effects on resistance of squirrel monkeys to pneumococcus 71:173 pharmacology of 641266 smoke content of 64~266 Nitroglycerine effect on blood circulation in coronary disease patients 67~61-62 effect on blood circulation in normal individuals 67~61-62 4-Nitroquinoline I-oxide alcoholic solution of. development of papillomas in mice drinking 71:292 Nitrosamines effect on lactating hamsters 73:139 role in respiratory tract carcinogenesis. in animals 74:47 N-nitrosamines 69:62 carcmogmicity 67: I27 carcinogenicity in cigarette smoke 7 I 1264.266 determination in cigarette and tobacco smoke condenstate 73:87, 88 esophageal neoplasms induced in animals by 71:292 in tobacco smoke 671127 N-nitrosoanabasinr 69162 N-Nitrosoheptamethyleneimine incidence of lung neoplasms. in rats 7.5149 N-nitrosonomicotine in tobacco 69:62; 75r48.49 Nonrespondents age adjusted death rates in 64:114 magnitude of, in surveys 64~97 mortality ratios in 64:116 proportion of smokers in 64:114 Nonresponse bias 64:96, 104,115 Nonsmokers age-adjusted mortality in 64: 100 by age and sex, U.S. 64:178 airway resistance in 64~292, 293 allergic and irritative reactions to ciga- rette smoke 72:128. 129 allergic skin reactions in 64:319 allergic symptoms in, from tobacco smoke exposure 72:110,111 bladder neoplasm risk in 64~222 bladder neoplasms in 64:223 body weight of 64:384,385 carbosyhemoglobin effects on oxygen uptake 71:61 carboxyhemogiobin levels in 72:125 chronic cough prevalence in 64~299,302 coronary diseases rate in 64~322,323 emphysema in 64:297 epithelial changes in 64:170,173, 189 epithelial changes in, females 64:170 187 extroversion in 64~366 mortality rates, by amount smoked 67:147 forced expiratory volume in 64:290,291 hemoglobin concentration in 64:319 1.Q. measurement of 64:370 liver cirrhosis in 64:342 lung neoplasms in 64:118,184,191,193,230,232 morphology of 64:385,386 mortality rates in 64:100,102,117,118 mortality ratios in 64:163,202,301 occupational factors in 64:187 oral neoplasms 64~202 passive smoking and 72:121-125 as percent of population 64:114 pneumoconiosis in 64:298 psychosomatic disorders in 64~367 respiratory conditions in 641289 risk ratios in 64:222,223,230,232 urban-rural mortality in 64:186,194 U.S., by age 64~178 see also Smokers vs. nonsmokers Norepinephrine 64:318 effects of nicotine 75~29 Nornicotine 69~62 structural formula 64~49 North Dakota studies 64~323 Norway coronary death rates in 64:320 incidence rates of Lung neoplasms 69155-56 lung neoplasms in, for pipe smokers 71:244 lung neoplasms mortality in, relationship to tobacco use 64:116;71:245-246 neoplasm risk in 64:127 tracheobronchial tree changes in smokers and nonsmokers of Nose 71:259 effect of smoking 64:275 Nose neoplasms 64:193 mortality rates, by smoking classiftcation 67:147 Noxious gases exposure magnitude of 641296,297 in respiratory diseases 641279 Nutritional deficiency 64:341 Oat cell carcinoma see Carcinoma, oat cell Obesity 64:38,321,355 coronary diseases mortality and 64:321:71:43 relationship to smoking and CHD 71:4345 relationship to smoking in peripheral arteriosclerosis 71:12 as risk factor for CHD 72:16;73:9 Occupational diseases asbestosis 73:41 asbestosis, in asbestos workers, in Singa- pore 74:95 bronchitis 72~42 bronchitis and respiratory tract irrita- tion, in rubber industry workers 74:96 bronchitis, in cement and rubber in- dustry workers 74:95,96 bronchitis, in wool and cotton textile workers 74:93,94 byssinosis 73:39,41 byssinosis, in cotton and wool textile workers 74:93,94 byssinosis in cotton millworkers 75:68 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 72~3, 4244 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in autoworkers 74:80 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in firemen 75:68 coal workers' pneumoconiosis 73:42 lung neoplasms in uranium miners 75:41 pneumoconiosis 72x4244 pulmonary fibrosis 72~44 188 and risk of neoplasms X:43 smoking and 72~3. 4244 ;74:93-96; X:68-70 see also Occupational factors; Occupa- tional hazards; Occupations Occupational factors 64:224 chronic bronchitis and 64:298,299,300,302 coronary disease and 64~321,322; 73:5,7 lung neoplasms and 64:95, 187,193, 194,232 mortality and 64:112,134 smoking prevalence and 64~362,363 see nlso Occupational drseases; Occupa- tional hazards; Occupations Occupational hazards 64:100,101,232 air pollution exposure in Boston police- men 74:82.83 asbestos exposure 67:35; 73:41 asbestos exposure and smoking as factors in lung neoplasm development 74:4143; 75:49 in bladder neoplasms 64:222 bladder neoplasms, and smoking 73:78 carboxyhemoglobin levels in workers ex- posed to exhaust gases 75:21 coal dust exposure 73:4143 from coat tar 64:147 cotton, flax, and hemp dust exposure 73:3941 dust exposure 73:43,44 exposure $0 chemicals, fumes, sprays and dusts, m smokers vs. nonsmokers, by race and sex 75:69,70 exposure to 100% pure oxygen 73:43 higher reporting of exposme to, by smokers vs. nonsmokers 75:68 in lung neopfasms 64:232 myocardial infarction as 64:323 nitrogen dioxide in 64~266 pancreatic neoplasms and 73:77 pulmonary disease from 64:266,298,299,300,302 radiation exposure in uranium miners 73~72 risk ratios in 64:31,134 rubber industry fumes and smoking 74~96 smoking and 72:3,4,4244; 73:3944 smoking as additive risk for COPD 73:55 textile dust exposure and smoking 74~93-96 uranium exposure 67~35 see ulso Occupational diseases; Occupa- tional factors; Occupations Occupations asbestos workers, lung neoplasm morbid- ity 67:143 asbestos workers, lung neoplasm mortal- ity and smoking 71:257 asbestos workers, respiratory tract car- cinoma 71:256 bank employees, smoking and COPD 71:198 coal miners, impaired pulmonary func- tion in smoking 71:163 coal miners, respiratory tract carcinoma 71~256 coal miners, smoking and COPD 71:153,197, 218-219 coal miners, smoking and ventilatory function 71:207 flax mill workers, smoking and COPD 71:199 government employees, blood pressure differences in smokers vs. nonsmok- ers 71:99 longshoremen, mortality from smoking- related cerebrovascular disease 71:70 longshoremen, mortality rates from CHD in 71:28 longshoremen, smoking and COPD 71:28 longshoremen, smoking and ventilatory function 71:208 medical students, serum lipid differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers 71:98 medical students, smoking and nicotine effects on blood lipid levels 71:124 medical students, smoking and thrombo- sis relationships 71:130 medical students, smoking and ventila- tory function 71:209-210 mortality rates, smokers vs. nonsmokers by 67:ll nickel workers, lung neoplasms in 71:256 189 physicians. bladder and kidney neo- plasms in smoking 71:293,294 physicians, cessation of smoking effect on COPD 71:142 physicians, COPD mortality rates 71:149 physicians, decline in cigarette smoking rates 71:48 physicians, mortality from smoking- related cerebrovascular disease 71:68 physicians, mortality rates from CHD 71:26 physicians, mortality ratios from esoph- ageal neoplasms 71:290 physicians, mortality ratios from peptic ulcer in smoking and nonsmoking 71:424 physicians, pulmonary function follow- ing cessation of smoking 71:149 physicians, smoking and ventilatory function 71:209-210, 213 plant workers, occupational exposure and smoking relationships to COPD 71:153,218,219 plant workers, smoking and COPD 71:198 plant workers. smoking and ventilatory function 71:206-208 post office workers, blood pressure dif- ferences in smokers vs. nonsmokers 7l:104 post office workers, smokers and ventila- tory function 71:209 post office workers, smoking and COPD 71:200,202 prisoners, serum lipid differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers 71:loo prisoners, smoking and nicotine effects on peripheral vascular system 71:133 railroad emulovees. mortality and mor- bidity, 6Hcand'smoking- 71:28, 34,97 and respiratory symptoms by smoking habit 67~97 smelter workers, lung neoplasm mortal- ity from arsenic exposure 71:257 smoking habit for 67:143 soldiers, smoking and COPD 71:197 steel workers, COPD development from dust exposure 71:153 students, carbon monoxide effects on blood lipids 71:129 students, infectious respiratory disease in smokers vs. nonsmokers 71~228-229 students, mortality from smoking-related cerebrovascular disease 71:68 students, mortality rates from CHD 71:28 students, smoking and COPD 71:201 students, smoking and nicotine effects on blood lipid level 71:125 students, smoking and thrombosis rela- tionships 71:130 students, smoking and ventilatory func- tion 71:211 telephone company employees, smoking and COPD 7 1:200 textile workers, occupational exposure and smoking relationship to COPD 71:218-219 transportation workers, air pollution re- lationship to COPD 71~198,202 transportation workers, smoking and COPD 71:198,202 transportation workers, smoking and ventilatory function 71:207,212 uranium miners, lung neoplasms in smokers and nonsmokers 71~256 uranium miners, lung neoplasms morbid- ity by smoking habit for 67:143 utility company employees, CHD mor- bidity in smoking 71:30 veterans, bladder and kidney neoplasms in smoking 71~294-295 see also Occupational diseases; Occupa- tional factors; Occupational hazards Office of Science and Technology 64:8 OIeic acid suspected carcinogenic agent in cigarette smoke 71:266 Olive oil penetrability of benzo(a)pyrene in mice esophageal epithelium 71~292 Opium 64.: 349 Oatic nerve atrophy, and cyanide in tobacco smoke 67:183 sensitivity, amblyopia from 64:341 Oral diseases, non-neoplastic smoking and 69:5-6,85-87; 7216 190 Oral hygiene relationship to smoking and noncancer- ous oral disease 69:85-86 smoking and 72~6 Oral mucosa 64:203 effect of carcinogens in laboratory ani- IIdS 72:70 effect of cigarette smoke 72~6.69 effect of reverse smoking 72~69 effect of tobacco/bidi smoking and chewing 72~69 Oral neoplasms 64:37, 196-204, 233 alcohol consumption and smoking in etiology of 73:193; 74-53-55 amount smoked in 64:233 cigar smoking in 64:189 epidemiologic studies 64~196-202; 74153-55 estimated incidence in U.S. for 1970 71:284 experimental induction of 64:233 incidence of secondary primary, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 75:50 income gradients in 64:134 inhalation patterns and 73:191 mortality rates in 64:37,133;71:285 mortality rates in, in females 64:131,132 mortality rates in, in foreign born 64:13$ mortality rates in. in Irish 64:135 mortality rates in, in males, 64:130.132 mortality rates in Japanese male smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:74 mortality ratios for pipe, cigar, and cigarette smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:191-193 mortality ratios in 64:113,202 mortality ratios in, in cigarette smokers 64:149 mortality trends in 64:137 neoplasm site by tobacco use in 64:197 pipe smoking in 64~37, 150,189; 72167 prevalence of, decline in 64:204 recurrent, incidence in smokers vs. ex- smokers 73:71,74-75 relationship of tobacco use 71:285,289,361-367 relative risk in tobacco smokers and chewers 72~70 relative risk of development in pipe, cigar, and cigarette smokers vs. non- smokers 73:191,194,195 retrospective studies of 64:198,199.200.201 reverse smoking in 64:203,204; 73~76 risk gradients in, by amount smoked 64:233 risk ratios in, in females 64:134 smoking induced increase in 64:197 smoking in etiology of 64:204; 6958; 71~289; 72~4, 67-70; 73~74-76 snuff in 64-233 summary of previous findings on rela- tionship to smoking 74:52,53 summary of retrospective studies 73:194,195 and tobacco chewmg 69:58 urban-rural factors in 64:133 in waiters 64:134 see also Gingival neoplasms; Mouth neo- plasms; Oropharyngeal neoplasms Oral ulceration reverse smoking in 64:203 Organ cultures cigarette smoke effects on cell growth and reproduction in 71:267,343-345 Oropharyngeal neoplasms 64:201 frequency in smokers and nonsmokers 71:238 Oxidoreductases reduction of, in smokers' alveolar macro- phages 69~4243 Oxygen in cardiac function 64:318 debt, effect of smoking 73~246,247 debt, exercise performance and 73~246.247 myocardial consumption of, following nicotine stimulation 71:58, 75 in smoke 64:60 191 tension, smokers vs. nonsmokers 72~22 transport in body, carbon monoxide effects 71:60, 75 uptake in nonsmokers with specific carboxyhemoglobin levels 71:61, 75 Ozone ciliastasis from 64:268 irritation action of 64~295 Ozonized gasoline 64:166 Pachyderma oralis 64:203 PalataJ mucosa 64:275 PaJataJ neoplasms 64:204 see also Mouth neoplasms; Oral neo- plasms Palate hamster, C-14 labeled smoke particulates deposition in 71:281-282 smoking and stomatitis nicotina 69~87 Pancreatic neoplasms incidence in cigar/pipe and cigarette smokers vs. nonsmokers 74:55,56 mortality rates, by age 67:158-159 mortality rates, by amount smoked 67:159 mortality rates, by sex 67:158 mortality rates, by smoking classification 67:159 mortality rates, for women 67:153 mortality rates in United States 72~74 mortality ratios, by age 67:158-159 mortality ratios, by age and amount smoked 67:159 mortality ratios, by sex 67:158 mortality ratios. for men by smoking class~ication 67:159 mortality ratios, for women 67~153 mortality ratios in Japanese male and female smokers 72~74 occupational exposure and 73:77 relationship of smoking to mortality from 71:298-299 relative risk in men by number of ciga- rettes smoked 7455 smoking and, 67:36, 158-159; 69:6061; 71:13, 238.298-299; 72:5,68,74; 73~77 summarv of previous findings on rela- tionship to-smoking - 74:55 Pancreatic secretions bicarbonate content, effect of smoking 73:159.160 . effect of nicotine in animals 73:161,162 Papain pulmonary effects on rats exposed to cigarette smoke with 71:163 Paper chromatography 64:51,57 Papillomas 64:142,165 development in mice drinking alcoholic benzopyrene 71:292 formation following skin painting with smoke tars 71:337-339,341 induction in hamsters exposed to ben- zo(a)pyrene 71:346-347 induction of 64:142,143,144,203,223 transformation of 64~144 Papillomas, benign 64:142 origin of, 64:165 tar induced, in mice 64~223 Paraffin 64:147 Paralysis of ganglionic nerve cells 64:69 Paralysis agitans mortality rates, smokers vs. nonsmokers 67~8 Parasorbic acid lactone 64:145 Parathion 62:145 Parents incidence of penumonia and bronchitis in children of smokers 75:105,106 influence 64~369,370 prevalence of respiratory symptoms in children of smokers 75:102,103 smokers cough and phlegm production, and respiratory symptoms in children 75:103 see also Smoking, parental Paris green 64:61 192