and coronary disease inctdence rates 67:54;68:21 and coronary dtsease. in women 74:9. 10 and coronary dtsease mortality 67'10. 26-67 m coronary disease patients 67:26, 28 in coronary disease patients, effect on blood pressure 6761 in coronary disease patients, effect on heart function 67:61 in coronary disease patients, effect on heart rate 67:61 and coronary thrombosis mortality for men 67~26 and diet 67:66 and digestive tract neoplasms mortality 67:30 duration of, 64:29. 31.37, 187, 188 duration of. and lung neoplasm increase 64:31. 37, 158, 161, 163, 170. 187, 188 duration of habit and inctdence of CHD 68:17 effect of abstinence m ercercise per- formance 731241.242.246. 247 effect on bladder neoplasm morbidity 67:155 effect on blood cholesterol levels 67:55.56 effect on blood circulation 67:26,60-61; 69:ll effect on blood circulation. and arterio- sclerosis pathogenesis 67161-62 effect on blood circulation. and COIO- nary disease pathogenesis 67162 effect on blood coagulatton 67 :64 effect on blood lipids 68:31:73:11. 12 effect on blood platelets 67:64;69:27-28;74:18. 19 effect on blood pressure 67:54, 60 effect on blood vessels 67:lll effect on bronchtal epnhehum 67:104-106. 144 effect on cardtac lactate metabohsm 73:13 effect on cardtovascular system 67:26. 60; 72:6. 13. I4 effect on coronary vessels 6716.5 effect on esophageal sphincter 72197, 98 effect on esophageal tissue 67.30. 150-153 effect on free fatty acids 69127 effect on gastric acidity 67:182 effect on gastrointestinal secrettons ,,, dogs 72~6 effect on heart function 67:60 effect on heart rate 67:60 effect on hemoglobin oxygen affinity 69:29 effect on larynx and true vocal cords 69:59-60 effect on leg blood mean-flow capacny 73~22 effect on leukocytes in guinea pigs 72:46 effect on lung function 67~29, 55; 69~5 effect on lungs 67:104, 140-143 effect on lungs in dogs 72~46 effect on mortality rates from cm. phageal nmplasms in Japanese malcx 72~11 effect on mucous membranes 67~144 effect on myocardium 67:60 effect on neoplasm recurrence at site of primary 72~69 effect on oxygen tension in arterial blood 72~45 effect on pentagastrin-stimulated gastrtc secretion 72:91 effect on peripheral circulatory system 72125. 26 effect on plasma nicotine levels 73:15-17 effect on precapillary sphincters 7.3~22 effect on pulmonary clearance 72:47 effect on respnatory tract 67:141 effect on thrombus formation 69~21-28 effect on thrombus formation in cow nary disease patients 67126 effect on tryptophan metabolism 67:36, 156 effect on vascular reststance 67:60 effect on ventilation/perfuston relation- ships of lung 69:39 effect on vision 67:183 electrocardtogram patterns from 64:319 218 and emphysema morbidity 6713.6. 94, 99 and emphysema mortality 67~3. 29, 90-92 in emphysema pathogenesls 67:29-31, 96, 104, 106;69:37-38 and epidermoid carcinoma 67:35. 140-143 and esophageal neoplasms 67:33. 149, 150-151 and fertility history 69:79-80 genetic factors in 64:190.385 and gingivitis 69:85-86 health hazards of. similarities of ciga- rettes with little cigars 73~224,225 heartburn and 72197. 98 histopathologic changes from 64:300 inhalation of cigarette smoke as measure of exposure to 67:15 interaction with other risk factors in CHD 73:4-l 1 and intermittent claudication 74:14-I6 and kidney neoplasms 69:60 in laryngeal neoplasm etiology 67:3, 148;69:55 in laryngeal neoplasm etiology in men 67:33 and liver cirrhow morbidity 67:39 and liver cirrhosis mortality 67:10,36 and lung neoplasms 64:175-196; 69:4,55-58 and lung neoplasns etiology 67:33-34, 140-144 and lung neoplasms incidence 68:94-99 and lung neoplasms, in men 69~57 and lung neoplasns. in women 67:10;69:67 and lung neoplasms morbidity 6713, 142 and lung neoplasms mortality 67:3, 10. 34 and lung neoplasms. retrospective studies of, by smoking characteristics 64: 156 as a major risk factor in peripheral vascular disease 74:14-16 and morbidity by age 67:24 and morbidity in United State5 6716, 19 and mortality 6913 and mortahty, IWtish men 67.10 and mortality. British physicians 6715 mortality. follow-up study 67:s mortality from esophageal neoplasms 68:102 and mortahty in United States 67:5 and mortahty rates by SEX 6717 and mortahty, U.S. veterans 67~5 and mouth neoplasms 67:145 and myocardlal infarction 69:4. 18 and myocardtal infarction incidence rates 67~51 and noncancerous oral diseases 6915-6, 85-87 and oat cell carcinoma 67.140-141 and obesity 67~66 and oral neoplasms 69:58 and oral neoplasms incidence 68:99, 100 and pancreatic neoplasms 67:36, 159;69:6061 patterns 641368,369 and peptic ulcer 67:39;72:6,97,98 and peptic ulcer morbidity 67:39-40, 181-182 and peptic ulcer mortahty 67:39-40, 180-182 pleasure 64:350 population studies 67:8-l 1 and premalignant chases III larynx 69~5 prevalence of 64~363. 364 prevalence of, in nonwhites 64:363,364 prevalence of in U.S. and Great Britain 73:173, 174 psychoanalytic explanation of 64~367 and pulmonary fibrosis 67: 107; 72144 rate 64:98 reduction of among British physicians, and reduced mortality 67:15 reduction of. effect on lung neoplasm mortality 6714 relation to blood cholesterol and lung neoplasms 69151 219 relation to lung neoplasms and stomach ulcers 69151 and respiratory tract mfections 67:lO and restricted activity 67~19 status, errors of measurement in 64:lll and stomach neoplasms 67129, 36, 158 and stroke 67~21 and thrombosis 67:lll tobacco amblyooia and 72:6 - trends for U.S. men, for years 1955, 1966. and 1970 74:40 and tryptophan metabolites in urine 67~36 type, esophageal neoplasms and 64:32,33 type, mortality ratios by 64:90 type, neoplasm sites by 64:188 type, oral neoplasm sites by 64:197 type, retrospective neoplasm studies 64:201 tYPologY 67:189-191 and undifferentiated carcinoma 67:140-143 vasoconstricttve effects in normal sub- jects 74116 wish- for-adult-status as reason for 64:371 64:371 withdrawal methods and withdrawal methods and 64~352 64~352 in young people. effect on lung function in young people. effect on lung function 67:llO 67:llO in young people, effect on respiratory tract 67:31 See also Reverse smoking; Passive smok- ing; Smoking, bidi; Smoking, cigar; Smoking, pipe Smoking, bid] 64:211 esophageal neoplasms from 64:213 in neoplasm etiology in Bombay, India 72i9 Smoking characteristics bronchitis prevalence rates in men and 74:79 COPD prevalence rates in Yugoslavia and 74:79 dosage score and 67:14-15 and incidence rates of lung neoplasms for men 69:56 and incidence rates of lung neoplasmr for women 69:56 and lung neoplasm mortality rates 69151 lung neoplasm mortality rates, for men by 67:134-135, 139 lung neoplasm mortality rates. for women by 67:136 lung neoplasm mortality ratios, for men by 67:139 lung neoplasm mortality ratios, for women by 67:136 patients with lung or bladder neoplasms 68:104 Smoking, cigar autopsy studies, in smokers with emphy- sema, fibrosis, or thickening of ate- rioles or arteries 75175 and bronchitis morbidity 67r94.99 and bronchitis mortality 67:30,94 Co levels in mainstream smoke 75:90 effect on blood lipids 68:31 effect on mortality and morbidity com- pared to cigarette smoking - 73:171-173 and emphysema morbidity 67:94 and emphysema mortality 67:30,94 in esophageal neoplasm development 73:197,200-202 gastrointestinal disorders and 73~222 health consequences of 73:119 histological effects on bronchial epithe- lium 73:203,204, 209 histological effects on esophagus 73:ZOO histological effects on larynx 73:197 histological effects on lungs 73~211 incidence of CHD 68~27 incidence of lung neoplasms in Switzer- land 68:95.96 inhalation patterns and 73:184-189 m laryngeal neoplasm development 73:197-199 in lung neoplasm development 73:203-206;74:3_,40 and lung neoplasm mortality 67:34,138-140 220 and lung neoplasm mortality ratios 67:138-140;73:203-205 and mortality 67:7 mortality from esophageal neoplasns 68:102 mortality, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:s mortality ratios from cardiovascular dis- eases and 73:215. 216 mortality ratios from CDPD and 73~217,219 mortality ratios from esophageal neo- plasms and 73:197,200 mortality ratios from laryrlgeal neo- plasns and 731193.196. 197 mortality mtios'from oral neoplasms and 73:191,193 oral neoplasm development and 73:193-195 overall mortality rates by amount smoked 73:180-182 overall mortality rates from neoplasms 73:189 prevalence in Great Britain 73:113,174 prevalence in United States 73:173.174 relationship to neoptasms 75:43,44 summary of previous findings on effects 75:4,13 and tobacco amblyopia 67:39 see also Smoking Smoking classification bladder neoplasms mortality rates by 67:155 bronchitis mortality by 67~30 bronchitis respiratory symptoms by 67:98 cerebrovascular disease mortality rates by age and sex 67:66 cerebrovascular disease mortality ratios by age and sex 67 :66 cough by 67:97 digestive tract mortality rates by 671147 emphysema mortality by 67:30 esophageal neoplasms mortality rates by 67:SO esophageal neoplasms mortality ratios by 67~150 laryngeal neoplasms mortality rates by 67:147-149 laryngeal neoplasms mortality ratios by 67:149 liver cirrhosis mortality rates in men 67:184 liver cirrhosis mortality ratios for men 67:184 lung neopiasms morbidity by 67:33.143 lung neoplasms mortality rates by 67:34,137,139-140,143 lung neoplasms mortality ratios by 67:137, 139-140 mortality rates by 67~8 mouth neoplasm morbidity by 67:32 mouth neoplasm mortality by 67:35,146 pancreatic neoplasms mortality rates for men by 67:159 pancreatic neoplasms mortality rates for U.S. veterans by 67:159 pancreatic neoplasms mortality ratios for men by 67~159 peptic ulcer mortality rates for men by 67:182 pharyngeal neoplasms mortality by 67:35,146 respiratory tract neoplasms mortality rates by 67~147 stomach neoplasms mortality rates by 67:157-158 stomach neoplasms mortality ratios by 67:157 tracheal neopksms mortality rates by 67:147 urinary tract neoplasms mortality rates by 67:154 urinary tract neoplasms mortality ratios %:154 noking habit 64~366 appetitite reduction by 64:71,355 behavioral research 67188:192 beneficial effects of 64:32,355 and body constitution 67154 British physicians 67:9-10 and cognition 67:189-191 compulsive nature of 64:352 and cultural characteristics 67154 demographic factors in 64:361-365 and heredity 67153-54 intelligence factors in 64:370 measurement of 64198 221 modification of 64~375,376 mortality rates associated with 64:27 nausea from 64:71 neuroticism and 64:367 and occupational physical activity 67~56 oral hypothesis of 64:361,363 and perception 67: 189-19 1 and personality characteristics 67 :Sl psychological determinants in 64:40,3SO psychosocial aspects of 67x39, 188-192 reasons for 67:189 and reliaion 67:<4 social determinants in 64:361-374 and socioeconomics 67~54 see also Tobacco habit Smokitlg history aortic aneurysm mortality rates by 69:16 aortic aneurysm mortality ratios by 69:16 and bronchitis prevalence rates 67:96 and chronic diseases 67:22 and coronary disease incidence rates 69:21-24 and coronary disease mortality rates 67~25-26; 69:13-14. 11 and coronary disease mortality rates, for ex-smokers 67:Sl coronary disease mortality ratios 69:13, 15, 18 mcidence of atypical nuclei in larynx by 69:59 and laryngeal neoplasms 67~35 and lung neoplasm morbidity 67~33 and lung neoplasm mortality rates 67:34, 135-137. 139-140 and lung neoplasm mortality rates for ex-smokers 67:137. 139 and mortality 67 ~7-9 and respiratory disease morbidity 67:98 and respiratory functron tests 67:lOO and stroke 67:68 and stroke mortahty rates 69:13, 17 and stroke mortality ratios 69:13,15 Smoking machines 64:45 Smoking, maternal and abortion 69:77-79;71:13;72:5, 84. 85;73.123, lzJ carboxyhemoglobin levels 69:80 carcinogenic effects on fetus 72:88 congenital malformations and 73:136, 137 and development of bronchitis and nneu. monia in infants 75:103,104 effect during pregnancy 67:185-186; 72:5, 83-87; 73:103-142 effect on birth weight 67:3940, 185; 69:5, 77-78, 80; 72:5, 83-87;73:103-114, 119-122 effect on body height of children 72:88 effect on fetalgrowth rate 72:5, 83-87 effect on fetal morbidity 67:186 effect on fetal mortality 67:185;69:77-78; 73:124, 125 effect on gestation duration 73:103-106 effect on infant mortality 67:185;69:71-78;72:84-81 effect on infants growth rate 69:78 effect on lactation 73:138-141 effect on neonatal carboxyhemoglobin levels 73:118, 119 effect on neonate 67:39-40, 185 effect on neoplasm development in off- spring 72:87, 88 effect on placental ability to hydrox- ylate benzo(a)pyrene 69:80 effect on placental metabolizing activity 72~89 effect on pregnancy 69:4-5, 77-81 effect on nreanancv. in Ireland 69:79- - effect on pregnancy, in Scotland 69:79 effect on pregnancy. in Venezuela 69:79 effect on sex ratio 73:135. 136 eprdemiological studres of effects 69:77-80 preeclampsia and 69:79; 72:84; 73:142 pregnancy toxemias and 69:79 and prematurity 67:185;69:77. 79 222 and prematurity, among Negroes 69:78 selective action on fetus of certain wom- en vs. others 73:131 teratogenic effects 77~P-l timing of influence on birth weight 73:120, 121 unwanted pregnancy and 72:84 see nlsl Infant mortality; Neonates Smoking, parental effect on children 72~129 Smoking, paternal effect on infant birth weight 73:110,111 Smoking, pipe and adenocarcinoma 67:143 autopsy studies, in smokers with emphy- sema, fibrosis, or thickening of arte- rioles or arteries 75:75 and bronchitis morbtdity 67 :94,99 and bronchitismortality 67:94,99 effect on mortality and morbidity com- pared to cigarette smoking 73:171-173 and emphysema morbidity 67 ~94 and emphysema mortality 67:34 and epidermoid carcinoma 67:143 in esophageal neoplasm development 73:197,200-202 gastrointestinal disorders and 731222 health consequences of 73:179 histological effects on bronchial epithel- ium 73:203,204, 209 histological effects on esophagus 73:200 histological effects on larynx 73:197 inhalation patterns and 73:184-189 in laryngeal neoplasm development 73:197-199 and Lip neoplasms 67135, 145 in lung neoplasm etiology 67:143;74:39,40 in lung neoplasm etiology by amount smoked 73:203-206 and lung neoplasm mortality 67:34, 139-140 and lung neoplasm mortality ratios 67: 139-140; 73:203-205 and mortality 67:7 and mortality ratios 64:86, 87 mortality ratios from cardiovascular di- seases and 73:215.216 mortality ratios from COPD and 73~217,219 mortality ratios from laryngeal neo- plasrns and 73:193, 196, 197,200 mortality ratios from oral neoplasms 73:191,193 and mouth neoplasms 67~33 oral neoplasms development and 73:193-195 overall mortality rates by amount smok- ed 73: 180-182 overall mortality rates from neoplasns and 73:189 prevalence in Great Britain 73:173, 174 prevalence in United States 73:173,174 pulmonary histological changes and 731217 relationship to cancer 75:43,44 sedation from 64:350 stomatitis nicotina from 64:271;69:87 summary of previous findings on effects on smokers 75:4. 13 and tobacco amblyopia 67:39 see also Smoking Snuff 64:73, 349 effect on oral mucosa in hamsters 72:70 lip neoplasms from 64:202 oral lesions from 64:203 oral neoptasms 64:202, 233; 71:287, 361, 364-365 per capita consumptron of, in U.S. 64:45 Social adjustments in children of smoking mothers 71:407 Social stimulation 64~32 Socioeconomic level smoking prevalence by 64:362 Socioeconomics ir. COPD 71:152-153, 216-217 and smoking habit 67:54 Sodium in main stream smoke 64155 223 Solanesol 64~52 pyrolysis of 64~53 structural formula of 64:53 Somatotypes 64:372,383,384,385,386 soot benzo(a)pyrene content of 64:148 neoplasm induction by 64:33, 147, 229 South Africa coronary death rate in 64:320 esophageal neoplasms rn. retrospective studies of tobacco use 71:378 health surveys in 64:186 methods of retrospective studies of lung neoplasms in 71:328 occupational exposure and smoking rela- tionship to COPD in 711219 serum lipid differences in smokers VS. nonsmokers in 71.99 Specificity _ as measure of statistical association 64:182-185, 204, 210, 225 Spirometric test 64~292 Sports smokers' participatron in 641372,373 Spray exposure in smokers vs. nonsmokers, by race and sex 75:69, 70 Sputum 64:38,282,283-287,301 effect of asbestos exposure in smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:41 effect of filtered cigarettes 73:55 effect of modified crgarettes 73:37,38 effect of plain vs. filtered cigarettes 73:37,38 in males by amount smoked and type of cigarette 73:37.38 prevalence in pipe and cigar smokers 73:220,221 in women 64~231 Squalene 64:51 Status striving smoking and 641372.373 Stearic acid suspected carcinogenic agent of cigarette smoke 71:266 Steel workers 64:285.299 Sterols 64152 Stigmasterol 64:52 pyrolysis of 64~59 Stillbirths abortions, and neonatal death and, rn smoking and non-smoking mothers 71:390.405406 effects of maternal smoking 71:415:73:124. 125 rates in blacks vs. whites 73:124,125 in smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:124. 125 see also Fetal death; Smoking, maternal Stimulants 64~354 nicotine as 64:38, 69, 70, 71, 317-320, 349.350 Stockholm Prospective Study epidemiologic study of smoking and CHD 74~6 Stomach neoplasms mortality rates 67:158 mortality rates, by age and amount smoked 67:157-158 mortality rates, by age and daily tobacco consumption 67:158 mortality rates, by smoking classification 67:157-158 mortality rates, effect of cessation of smoking on 67:158 mortality ratios, by age and amount smoked 67157-158 mortality ratios, by smokiq classifica- tion 67:157 and smoking 67~36 and tobacco use 67~33 Stomatitis nicotina 64~275,302 and pipe smoking 64:271;69:87 reverse smoking and 72:6,69,70 symptoms of 64:271 see also Leukoplakia Stramonium 64:354 Stress 641373,374 socioenvironmental, and coronary dis- ease incidence 6756 224 Stroke mortality rates, by age 69:13 mortality rates, by age and sex 67167 mortality rates, by amount smoked 69:13 mortality rates, by sex 69:13 mortality ratios, by amount smoked 69:13 mortality ratios, by sex 69:13 and smoking 67~27, 28;72:24, 25 see n/so Cerebrovascular diseases Strontium 90 64:146 Students, college smoking patterns in 641369 Students, high school effect of smoking 72:40,41 puhnonary function of smokers vs. non- smokers 7213 respiratory symptoms 72:40.41 Study populations representativeness of 64:94 Subcutaneous neoplasms 64:143, 144 Subglottis 64~271 Suburbs coronary diseases in 641322 Sugar 64:62 Sulfonamides 64~224 Sulfur dioxide air pollution from 641295 and cigarette smoke, effect on glands in laboratory animals 73:49 ciliastatic effect of 64:268 mucus alteration of 64:26B pollution levels in four U.S. locations 75~65, 66 toxicity of 64:295 Sulfuric acid carcinogen extraction by 64:147 Surfactant see Pulmonary surfactant Surgery complications following, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 74~92 Survey of Tobacco Smoking Patterns in the United States 64:187 Sweden acute effects of cigarette smoke on human pulmonary function 71:168 blood pressure differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers in 71:104 CHD mortality and morbidity in 71:97 COPD morbidity in smokers in 71:203, 205 coronary mortality rates in 641320 effect of cigarette smoke on animals' ciliary function in 71:221-224 genetic studies of twins in, smoking effects on 71:50,99 laryngeal neopksms in relationship to tobacco use 71:356 lung neoplasm mortality rates in 64:176 relationship of tobacco use and lip neo- plasms in 71:361 relationship of tobacco use and oral cavity neoplasms 71:364 retrospective studies of esophageal neo- plasms, by tobacco use 64:214; 71:378 retrospective studies, of oral neoplasms, by type of smoking 64:198, 200, 201 retrospective study, of laryngeal neo- plasms 64:205,206 serum lipid differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers of 71:99 smoking and nicotine effects on human cardiovascular system 71:115 smoking and nicotine effects on human peripheral vascular system 71:133 tracheobronchiar tree changes in smokers and nonsmokers in 71 x263 Swimming effect of smoking 73:242. 244 Switzerland CHD morbidity and mortality in, smok- ers vs. nonsmokers 71:95 cigarette smoke effects on mice lung and kidney tissue in 71:344 ciaarette smoke inhalation effects on mice respiratory tract 71:351 lung neoplasm incidence in cigar and pipe smokers of rural 71:244 225 lung neoplasm mortality rate in 64:176 lung neoplasms, methods of retrospec- tive studv of smokiw in 71:325 . serum lipid differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers of 71:lOO Tachvcardia development in dogs induced by nicotine 71:57 Tars, cigarette carcinogenic effect on animal oral cav- ities 71:288 carcinogenicity 67:34:69:61:71:11.264.265 carcinogenic properties on animal skin 71:337-342;73:210-214 as cause of bladder neoplasm& in rats 74:58 content 64:50; 67:34; 68:91 effect of instillation or implantation in animal tracheobronchial tree 71:346-348 effect on RNA 73:86 effect on tissue and organ cultures 71:343-344 as harmful component of cigarette smoke 72:142, 143 and nicotine content of cigarette smoke, and tumorigenicity 67:15, 34 and nicotine content of cigarette smoke, as measurement of dosage 67:15 N-nitrosamines in 73:87, 88 reduction of 69:61 retention in mouth 69: 62 role in experimental carcinogen&s 73:80-84 role in respiratory tract carcinogenesis, in animals 74:47 summary of previous findings on effects on smokers 75:s see dso Tars, tobacco Tars, tobacco 6450 alkaloid content of 64:54 anticarcinogens in 64:143,144 application of, in carcinogenesis 64:165 and bladder neoplasm carcinogenesis 67:156 bladder neoplasms and 641219,223 buccal retention of 64:264 carcinogenicity 64:33, 143, 146, 147, 165, 192; 67:128;69:61;72:65.66 clearance of 64~269 cocarcinogens in 67:131 condensation temperature of 64:50 definition 72~143 dosage score as function of 67~15 effect on respiratory symptoms and ven. Matory capacity 73:38 esophageal neoplasms and 64:212,213,218 fatty acids in 64:53 gastric neoplasms induced by 64: 228 and leukemia 67:148 in little cigars, compared to cigarettes and cigars 73~223-226, 228 and lymphosarcoma 67:148 mouth neoplasm experimentally induced by 67:147-148 nonvolatile fraction of 64150 pulmonary adenoma from 64: 165 retention of, in mouth 64:264 and reticulosarcoma 67:148 sarcoma induction in rats following in- stillation 71:346 skin neoplasm induction by 67:131; 71:238, 337-342: 73:210-214 sterol fraction of 64:52 see also Tars, cigarette Taste bud reflexes 64:71 Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale 64:367 TDE 64: 145 Tea 64~349 Tecumseh Study 64:284 incidence of CHD in cigarette smokers 68:19 lung function differences in smokers and nonsmokers 74:81 226 Temperature effect 64:50 Ten-city mortality surveys 64~135 Tension 641353 Teratoaenesis maternal smoking implications in 71:407 in mice embryos, nicotine effects on 71:411 Terpenes 64:51 Terpenoids 64:51,52 as flavoring agents in cigarettes 64:52 from pyrolysis of solanesol 64~52 Tetraethylammonium chloride blockage of nicotine cardiac stimulation by 71:57 effect on nicotine pharmacology 67:60 Theobromine 64~352 Thiocyanate 64:266 Thorium 64:145 Thoron 64~145 Throat effect of exposure to cigarette smoke, in passive smokers 75:99 effect of smoking 64~275 Thromboangiitis obliterans allergic skin reactions in 64:319 cessation of smoking, and remission 71:74 cessation of smoking in 64:326 definition 71:73 tobacco allergy and 72:lll treatment of 64~326 Thrombogenesis effects of smoking 68r32-43 Thrombophlebitis oral contraceptives and 72~26 smoking and 72:26 Thrombosis coronary 64:321 effect of epinephrine on 67:64 and emphysema 67:lll plasma and 69:27-28 smoking and 67:26, 64, 65, 111; 69:27-28; 71:66, 130-132; 72:23; 73:19; 74:18, 19 Thrombus formation and smoking 68:32-43;69:27-28;75:32 Thumbsucking 64~367,368 Tidal volume acrolein effects on 64~266,267 Tissue cultures effect of cigarette smoke on 69:62-63;71:267,343-345 Tobacco advertising, prohibition of 64:8 allergic reaction to 64:302 "angina" 64:319 antigenic properties of 64:319;72:104 antigens, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 72:107 anti-obesity effect of 64:355 arsenic content of 64:61, 62 arsenic spraying of 64:61 beneficial effects of 64~2551355,356 carcinogenicity of 64:143 chemical composition of 64:49,5OdO cholesterol content 72:24 controversy over 64~5,637 curing methods, and incidence of respira- tory infections in rats 73:21&X,219 denicotinized 64:34,349 effect on immune responses 72:6, 107-109 flavoring in 64:52,62 flue-cured vs. air-cured, effect on respire- tory system in animals 73:217. 218 form used and relation to gingivitis 69:Eb history of 64:5 humectants in 64:62 irritants 64:353 modification of taste of 64:354 and mouth neoplasms 67:145 in oral neoplasms 64:198,199,200,201 227 and oral submucous fibrosis 69:58 pharmacologtc, irritative, and allergic ef- fects 72:7, 109-111 role in carcinogenesis 69:62 and stomach neoplasms 67~33, 158 see also Tobacco additives; Tobacco ex- tracts; Tobacco leaf components; To- bacco, pipe Tobacco Act of 1842 64:62 Tobacco additives 64162, 145 flavorings as 64:62 humectants as 64~62 prohibition of 64:62 see also Tobacco Tobacco alkaloids see Alkaloids, tobacco Tobacco ambylopia see Ambylopia, tobacco Tobacco chewing 64~45, 211,213,349 decrease of 64:45,211 gingival neoplasms from 64:202 laryngeal neoplasms from 64:212 leukoplakia and 73:75 lip neoplasms from 64:202;71:361-363.365-366 oral neoplasms from 64 1233; 69158; 71 1361-363, 365-366; 72:69 per capita consumption of chewing to- bacco, U.S. 64:45 Tobacco consumption 64:5, 26, 29, 30, 35, 36,459 46, 85.86, 87, 89, 155, 187, 188 bladder neoplasms, mortality rates by 67:155 bladder neoptasms, prevalence by 64:223 coronary diseases and 64: 106, 323 coronary diseases, mortality rates by 641324 cough and sputum prevalence by 64 ~289 epithelial cell changes by 64:231 errors of measurement of 64:lll esophageal neoplasm risk ratio by 64:213, 217 factors determining 64:163 forced expiratory volume by 64:289 gastric neOplaSmS mortality rate by 64:228;67:158 laryngeal neoplasms risk ratiosby 64:209 lung neopfasms mortality rates by 64:137,186 lung neoplasms risk by 64:37, 196, 232 mortality rates by 64:29, 105, 106, 111, 139,180, 324 mortality ratios by 64:85,86, 105,106 oral neoplasms gradients by 64~202, 233 per capita, U.S. 64:45 in pneumoconiosis 64:291,298 relative risk ratios by 64:183 respiratory symptoms by 64:289 stress factors in 64:32,373, 374 Tobacco extracts 64:143,144 antigenic properties 72:104, 105 carcinogen&s from 64:143. 144. 165 effect on cell cultures 73:85, 86 effect on skin 72:105-107 irritants in 72:104, 105 thromboangiitis obliterans and 72:lll see also Tobacco Tobacco habit 64~349-354 cure of 64:354 dependence on 64:350 nicotine in 64~32, 349 psychological drives in 64:32,350,351 see also Smoking habit Tobacco Industry Research Committee 64:6 Tobacco Institute, Inc. 64:8 Tobacco leaf components antigenic properties 72:104, 105 polonium-210 in 67:128 presence of potassium 71:266 see also Tobacco Tobacco, pipe definition and processing 73:176 decrease in consumption 64:45 228 per capita consumption, U.S. 64 ~45 see also Tobacco Tobacco workers coronary diseases in 64~322 health studies in 64:182 laryngeal neoplasms in tobacconists 64:205 Tokyo-Yokohama asthma 64~216 Toluene 64:55,59 Tongue hamster, C-14 labeled particulate deposi- tion in 71:281-282 Tongue neoplasms cigar smoking in 64:189,202 pipe and cigar smoking in 64:202 pipe smok% in 64:188,189 retrospective studies in, by type of SItlOkillg 64:201 risk gradients in 64~233 see also Mouth neoplasms; Oral neo- ph5U Tooth extraction effect of smoking on healing of socket 69:87 Toxicity birth rate reduction from 64:343 from nicotine 64:73 from sulfur dioxide 641295 threshold levels in 64~295 Trachea changes in, in smokers 64:167-172 hamster, C-14 labeled particulate deposi- tion in 71:281-282 histopathology of 64:167-172,271 mucus secretion in 64:268 mucus velocity, effects of smoking, in dogs 75:78 Tracheal neoplasms experimentally induced by cigarette smoke 67:144 mortality rates, by amount smoked 67:147 mortality rates, by smoking classification 67:147 smoking and 73:71 Tracheobronchial tree clearance, effects of cigarette smoke in donkeys 75:78 epithelial changes in 64:167-172 function 64~35 histopathologic changes in 64~167.173, 270-274 passim secondary infectlon in 64~212 Traffic effect on air pollution in Boston 74:82,83 Traffic accidents 64:39,344,345 Tranquilizers 64:100,101,354 nicotine as 64:350 Transit workers breathlessness in 64:286 chronic cough in 64:281 Treadmill performance cardiovascular parameters in smokers vs. nonsmokers 73~243-245 effect of vitamin C 73~245 oxygen intake in smokers vs. nonsmok- ers 73:245 Tricaprylin 64:143 Triglycerides coronary disease relationship to 71:65;73:8 smokers vs. nonsmokers 71:99-100,102 Trout hepatoma induction in 64:145 Tryptophan metabolism alteration in urinary tract neoplasms by smoking 71:13 alterations by smoking 71:297 carcinogenicity in mice bladders 71~296 disorders, and bladder neoplasms 6736,106 disorders, effect of cessation of smoking on 67:156 effect of smoking on 67~36, 156 effect of smoking on. and bladder neo- plasms 67136 relation of excretion in smokers and nonsmokers 711297 Tryptophan metabolites carcinogenic. and smoking 67:36 carcinogenic, in urine, and bladder neo plasms 67:36 excretion of, by smokers 69:64 intermediate, and bladder neoplasms 67~156 Tuberculosis 641276.302 alcohol consumption in 64~211 cigarette consumption in 641271 in smokers vs. nonsmokers 71:172, 226-228 smoking and 72:41 Tumors see Neoplasms; and specific neoplasm terms Twenty-five State Study expected deaths, in 64:llO lung neoplasm mortality in 64:118 mortality ratios in 64:110, 118.149 observed deaths in 64:llO Twins air pollution exposure levels and respira- tory symptoms 75:67 air pollution vs. smoking in bronchitis development in 67:109 air pollution vs. smoking in emphysema development using 67:109 angina pectoris development in. smoking effects on 71:50-51 blood cholesterol levels by smoking habit in 67:55 constitutional factors in bronchitis devel- opment in 67:109 constitutional factors in emphysema de- velopment in 67:109 coronary disease incidence rates in, with discordant smoking habits 67:103 cough incidence rates, smokers vs. non- smokers by age and sex in 67:102 dizygotic, bronchitis morbidity prev- alence rates for. with discordant smoking habits 67:103 dizygotic. chronic cough in, with dis- cordant smoking habits 67'103 genetic and environmental factors in angina pectoris in 69:25 genetic studies of smoking effects on 71:49-52 monozygotic, angina PeCtOris incidence rates in, by smoking habit 67159 monozygotic, bronchitis morbidity prev. alence rates for, with discordant smoking habits 67:113 monozygotic, chronic cough in, with discordant smoking habits 67:103,113 monozygotic, respiratory Symptoms in, with discordant smoking habits 67:103, 113 morbidity rates by smoking habit in 67:103 mortality from CHD, in smokers ys, nonsmokers 75:14,15 neoplasm incidence in 64:190 predisposition to smoking in 64x326 role of heredity factors in respiratory diseases in 67:102 role of respiratory tract diseases 67:20 smoking and coronary heart disease in 72:18 smoking effects on mortality and mor- bidity in 71:51 smoking habits of 64:190 Ultraviolet rays absorption determination of 64:5 1 neoplasm induction by 64:144 Underachievement 64~372,373 Unemployed smoking in. 64:363 United Kingdom bladder neoplasms in, methods in retro- spective studies of smoking and 71:382-384 blood pressure differences in smokersvs. nonsmokers in 71:103,104 British Perinatal Mortality Survey 71:390,395,404,415 cigarette smoke effects on animal ciliary function in 71:221 cigarette smoke effects on human fetal lung and mice trachea 71:344 230 cigarette smoke effects on human pul- relationship of smoking and tuberculosis monary function 71:168, 169 cigarette smoke effects on mice respira- tory tract 71:352 cigarette smoke implantation effects on rat tracheobronchial tree in 71:346-347 comparison of abortions, stillbirths and neonatal deaths in smoking and non- smoking mothers 71:406 COPD morbidity in smokers in 71:195-197,203,204 human experimental data on smoking and pregnancy in 71:408 I kidney and bladder neoplarms in smok- ers in 71~294 lung neoplasms mortality in males in Eneland and Wales 71:240 maternal smokjng and infant weight in 71:397,399 methods of retrosoective study of lune neopfasms and smoking in 71:324, 326 methods used in smoking study and human pregnancy 71:391,394-395 mortality from cerebrovascular disease related to smoking in 71:68 mortality rates from COPD in, lack of increase 71:140 mortality ratios from esophageal neo- plasms in 71:290 mortality ratios from laryngeal neo- plasms in 71:278 mortality ratios from peptic ulcer in - . smokers and nonsmokers in 71:424 occupational exposure and smoking rela- tionships to COPD in 71:218-219 peptic ulcer in, methods and results of retrospective and cross section studies of smoking and 71:425-428 physicians in, decline in cigarette smok- ing rates 71:48 physicians in, mortality from lung neo- plasms in smokers and nonsmokers 71:241 pulmonary function in, cigarette smoke effects on 71:168 relationship of lung neoplasms to smok- ing, air pollution, and residence in 711253-254 in 711226 serum lipid differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers in 71:101,102 smoking and nicotine effects on animal cardiovascular function in 71:107 smoking and nicotine effects on human blood lipids in 71:126 smoking and nicotine effects on human cardiovascular system in 71:llS smoking relationships to thrombosis in 71:131 United States acute effect of cigarette smoke on hu- man pulmonary function in 71:166-167, 169 arteriosclerosis mortality in 64:321 atherosclerosis autopsy studies in 71:53-5s bladder neoplasms in, methods and results in retrospective studies of smoking and 71:381-384 blood pressure differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers in 71:103-104 Bureau of the Census 64: 117 CHD mortality and morbidity in smok- ers vs. nonsmokers in 71:30-35,31,93-94 chewing tobacco consumption, decrease in 64~45 chronic bronchitis studies in 64~271 cigarette consumption increase in 64:26,45,46, 185 cigarette smoke effects on animal ciliary function in 71:221-224 cigarette smoke effects on animal tissues ;:343-345 cigarette smoke effects on pulmonary surfactants and surface tension 71:172, 225 cigarette smoke implantation effects on animal tracheobronchial tree 71:346-348 cigarette smoke inhalation effects on animal respiratory tracts 71:349-350. 352, 354 comparison of abortions, stillbirth, and neonatal death in smoking and non- smoking mothers 71 :405-406 COPD development in 71:lO COPD morbidity in smokers 71:195. 196. 198-200, 201-202. 205 231 Department of Agriculture 64:15 Department of Commerce 64:15 esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective studies of tobacco use 71:378 esophageal neoplasms mortality in, in 1967 71:289 Food and Drug Administration 64:8.13, 15 human experimental data on smoking and pregnancy in 71:391-395,408-410 human pulmonary function following cessation of smoking in 71:149 inhalation practices in, in smokers 641177 kidney and bladder neoplasms in smok- ers in 71~293-295 laryngeal neoplasms incidence in 1967 71:277 laryngeal neoplasms in, relationships to tobacco use 71:278-279,354-355 lung neoplasms mortality rates 64:176 lung neoplasms mortality rates in, smok- ers and nonsmokers in 71:240-243 maternal smoking and infant weight 711397-399 methods of retrospective study of lung neoplasms and smoking in, 71:323-328 mortality from aortic aneurysm related to smoking in 71:71 mortality from cerebrovascular disease related to smoking 71:68-70 mortality rates for bladder neoplasms in 1967 711293 mortality rates for COPD 7 1: 139-140 mortality rates for kidney neoplasms in 1967 71:296 mortality rates for lung neoptasms ex- uected in 1970 il:237,239 mortality rates for lung neoplasms in 1939 vs. 1967 71:239 mortality ratios for COPD 71:142-145 mortality ratios for esophageal neo- ptasms in 71:290-294 mortality ratios for laryngeal neoplasms 71:218-219 mortality ratios for pancreatic neoplasms in smokers and nonsmokers m 71:298 mortality ratios for peptic ulcer in smoke ers and nonsmokers in 71:424 neoplasm mortality increase in 64:229 nonsmokers in, by age and sex 64:178 occupational exposure and smoking reta tionships to COPD in 71:218-219 Office of Science and Technology 64:s oral neoplasms incidence in, estimated for 1970 71:284 peptic ulcer in, methods and results for retrospective and cross section stud- ies of smoking and 71t425.426428 peptic ulcer mortality in 1967 in 71~423 polonium-210 levels in lungs of smokers in 71:335-336 Public Health Service 64:6,13,127,343 relationship of human pulmonary his- tology and smoking in 71:155-157 relationship of lung neoplasms to smok- ing, air pollution, and residence in 71:253-254 relationship of smoking to infectious respiratory diseases in 71:227-229 relationship of tobacco use and tip neo- plasms 71:361-365, 367 relationship of tobacco use and neo- plasms of oral cavity 71:361-365,367 retrospective studies in, neoplasms 64:150-165, 197-202, 205-209 serum lipid differences in smokers vs. nonsmokers in 71:98, 100, 101 smokers in, by age 64~177 smoking and nicotine effects on animal cardiovascular function in 71:107-112 smoking and nicotine effects on human blood lipids 71:123-126 smoking and nicotine effects on human cardiovascular system 71:113-114, 116, 117-119 smoking and nicotine effects on human catecholamine levels 71:119 smoking and nicotine effects on human peripheral vascular system 71:133-134 smoking relationship to thombosis in 71:130,131 surveys of cigarette smoking in 71:6 232 tracheobronchial tree changes in smokers and nonsmokers in 7 1~259-263 white males in, mortality rates in 64:95 white population in, mortality ratios in 64:132 United States veterans 64:109,174 chronic cough in 64~281, 282, 285 expected deaths in 64 : 109 mortality rates in 64:88,293 mortality ratios in 64:109, 149, 174 nonresponse rate in 64:113 observed deaths in 64:109 respiratory performance in 64:297 smoker mortality rates in 64:115 University of Minnesota Hospital 64: 140 Unsaturated fats 64~322 Unsaturated fatty acids 64:53 Uranium miners lung neoplasms in 64:193; 67:143; 711256 Urban areas contribution to lung neoplasm mortality 71:11 coronary disease incidence in 64:322 lung neoplasm rates in 64:186, 194, 195; 711276 relationship of lung neoplasms, SnOking, air pollution to 71:252-255 smoking prevalence in 64:99,101,364 Urbanization 64:186, 232 Urban populations lung neoplasms in, suspected etiology of increased 71:276 Urban vs. rural populations bladder neoplasm prevalence 64~225 mortality rates 67:ll smoking and 67:97 Urethan neoplasm promotion by 64:142 neoplasms from 64:143, 144 pulmonary adenomas from 64:144 Urinary tract diseases see Urogenital diseases Urinary tract neoplasms see Urogenital neoplasms Urogenital diseases 64~224 Urogenital neoplasms cigarette smoke condensate as cause, in animals 74:58 excretion of tryptophan in smokers VS. nonsmokers with 74~58 incidence in males and females by age 68~104 incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers 74:58 mortality and smoking factors in bladder neoplasms 68:104,105 mortality rates, by age 67:154 mortality rates, by amount smoked 67~154 mortality rates, by smoking classification 67:154 mortality ratios, by age 67:154 mortality ratios, by amount smoked 67~154 mortality ratios, by smoking classifica- tion 67:154 smoking and 69:60,64; 75:50 summary of previous findings on rela- tionship to smoking 68:89, 90;74:57 see also Bladder neoplasms; Kidney neo- pksms Utel7ls cigarette smoking effects on, in preg- nancy 71:408 Vanillin 64:62 Vascular diseases. occlusive 64:319 smoking and 73:21 Vascular diseases. oerioheral carboxyhemogiobin levels and 72~26 epidemiologic studies 74:14-16 experimental studies 74:16 nicotine and 72:25 smokers vs. nonsmokers 72~26 smoking as a risk factor 72~2, 25, 26, 56; 73~19-23; 74:14-16 Vascular reconstruction effect of smoking 73:22,23 233 Vascular reststance effect of cigarette smoke on 67:61 effect of histamme on 67:61 effect of mcotme on 67 :60 effect of smoking on 67:60 Vascular system peripheral, smoking and nicotme effect on 71:9. 72-73, 75. 133-134 Vasoconstriction fetal weight reduction by 64:343 nicotine induction of 64:318 pulmonary, effects of cigarette smoking 68:75,76 Vegetable fibers 64:59 Venezuela maternal smoking and infant wetght in 71:450 methods used in smoking study and human pregnancy 7 I :445 Ventilation effects on constitutents of tobacco smoke 75:90-95 Ventilatory function 64:35.292,300.302 effect of exercise and smoking 73:244,245 Ventricular fibrillation 641321 death from, nicotine effects on 71:36 effect of cigarette smoke in dogs 73:13, 14 Ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor in CHD 73:s Ventricular premature beats effect of cigarette smoking 75:20 Veterans see Canadian veterans study; Umted States veterans Vuuses as etiologtc agent in cancer 64: 166, 230 influenza, cigarette smoke effects on resistance of mice with 71:173 influenza. nitrogen oxide effects on squirrel monkey resistance to 71:173 neoplasm induction by 64:142 Vtsmn carboxyhemoglobm effect on 64:344 effect of carbon monoxide 72:126 effect of smoking on 67:183 Vitamin B complex deficiency, and tobacco ambylopia 67:40. 183 ntamin B 12 deficiency, 64:212 deficiency, potentiation of cyanide in tobacco ambylopia 67:40, 183 in pregnant smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:119 Vitamin C effect on treadmill performance in smok- ers vs. nonsmokers 73:245 in milk of smoking mothers 73:141 in pregnant smokers vs. nonsmokers 73:119 Vitamin D and nicotine, effect on hypercholes- terolemic rabbits 69~27 Vocal cords effect of smoking on thickness 69:59-60 hyperkeratosis in 64:271 see also larynv Waiters esophageal neoplasms in 64:134 oral neoplasms in 64:134 Washington University study 64:174 Water hardness, and smoking as risk factors in CHD 73:9,10 soluble fraction of cigarettes, suppres- sion of immunoglobulin response 75177 Welsh miners 641293, 294 Western Collaborative Group Study CHD risk factors, in smokers vs. non- smokers 68:25,26 incidence of myocardial infarction in younger male smokers 68:21 White House Conference on Narcotics and Drug Abuse 64:355 White Pekin duck nature of phagocytized clearance prod- ucts in 641269 Whites canter mortality in 64:135 234 esophageal neoplasms in 64:218 laryngeal neoplasm prevalence in 64:209 mortality rates 64:133 mortality ratios by sex 64:133 smokiq patterns in 64:363, 364 Wire implantation 64:166 Withdrawal clinics 67:191 methods 64:354 symptoms 64:352,354 see also Cessation of smoking Women autopsy studies, in smokers vs. nonsmok- ers with emphysema, fibrosis, or thickening of arterioles or arteries 7575 blood pressure and smoking habits dur- ing pregnancy 69:77-78 CHD incidence in 74:9, 10 exposure to chemicals, fumes, sprays and dusts, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 75:69,70 hypertension, in cigarette smokers with CHD 68:22 incidence of lung neoplasms 68:97;74:39,40;75:43 incidence of lung neoplasms and smok- ing 69:4,5? increase in mortality from lung neo- plasms 75:47 mortality from lung neoplasms 68:97 mortality, in smokers vs. nonsmokers 68:6, 8.9 mortality rates from lung neoplasms and asbestos exposure 74142.43 mortality rates from lung neoplasms, statistical sex ratio 74:40,45 mortality rates, in smokers vs. nonsmok- CXS 74:9, 10 myocardial infarction in pre- vs. post- menopausal 74:lO myocardial infarction, in Swedish smok- ers vs. nonsmokers 75:14 secular trends of lung neoplasm develop ment in 74:40 sudden death rates in 74:9, 10 summary of previous findings on effects of smoking 75 15-7 trends in neoplasm incidence rates for selected sites in 74:41,42 Working classes 64~362 Work-loss days definition 67:19 and smoking 67:20-21 World Health Organization 64~350, 354 classification of lung neoplasms 64:173, 174 Xenon radioactive, regional pulmonary function using 71:147 washout technique for detection of lung neoplasms 74z43.44 235