INDEX

ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS
effect of maternal smoking on risk,
   153
ACIDS

carcinogenicity, 33
cocarcinogenicity, 33
ACROLEIN

cocareinogenicity, 94
ADOLESCENTS
percent distribution of smokers by
  tar yield, 339-232
role of lower tar and nicotine cigar-
  ettes in initiation of smoking ha-
  bit, 133

use of lower tar and nicotine cigar-
  ettes in males vs. females, 133
use of lower tar cigarettes, 33WZ33
ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES
effect of nicotine on cortisol secre-
  tion, 117-118

ADVERTISING
market trends for lower tar cigar-
  ettes, 202

Age groups See DEMOGRAPIIIC
VARIABLES

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
(See also GEIWI'ICS; TOBACCO
  CURING)

effect on cigarette smoke pharma-
cology, research recommendations,
55

effect on smoke composition, 51
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
interactive effect with smoking in
  etiology of upper digestive tract
  neoplasma, 42

ALKAmID CONTENT
(see al.so NICOTINE CONTENT)
in cigarette smoke, 97
ALKALOIDS
(See ala NICOTINE)
carcinogenicity, 97
AMINE CONTENT
in gas phase of cigarette smoke, 94

ANGINA PECTQRIS
role of carbon monoxide in exerciee-
  induced angina, 46
ANIMAL MODELS
(See a-h BIOASSAY)
in assessment of health risks of
  lower tar and nicotine cigarettes,
   14

bladder neoplasms, 41
cardiovascular effects of carbon
  monoxide, 46
chronic obstructive lung disease, 43-
   44
effect of maternal smoking on preg-
  nancy, 167
emphysema, 142
esophageal neoplasms, 4%43
laryngeal neoplasms, 41
lung neoplasms, 34-40
nicotine tolerance and physical de-
  pendence, 179
nicotine use, 173-179
oral neoplasms, 43
pancreatic neoplasms, 4249
reduced carcinogenicity of cigarette
  smoke, 94
smoking and cardiovascu1ar diseases,
   124
sudden death due to cardiovascular
  diseaq44,46
tobrelated diseases, research 1p
  commendations, 53
tmmplacental arcinogeneais, 47
ANTmRYPsIN
effect of cigarette smoke on activi-
  ty, 137-133
ANTITRYPSIN DEF'ICIENCY
in emphysema etiology, 137-133
AROMATIC AMIDES
binding to nucleic acids, 91
metabolic activation and carcinogen-
  icity, 91
AROMATIC AMINE CONTENT
in cigarette smoke, 97


INDEX

AROMATIC AMINE CONTENT-Con.
reduction of in cigarette smoke, 95
AROMATIC AMINES
binding to nucleic acids, 91
bladder neoplasms and, 94-95
in bladder neoplasm etiology, 41
metabolic activation and carcinogen-
  icity, 91
AROMATIC BYDROCARBON CON-
TENT
in tobacco smoke, 9596
AROMATIC BYDROCARBONS
"bay" region theory of carcinogene-
  sis, 99
carcinogenicity, -7, 98-95
carcinogenicity of metabolic in-
  temdiatea, 90
cocarcinogenicity, 96
health effects in fetus, research re-
  commendations, 169
ARYL BYDROCARBON BYDROXY-
  LASE
effect of cigarette smoke on activity
  in microsomes, 4748
role in metabolic activation of aro-
  matic hydmcarbons, 99
ATBEROSCLEROSIS
role of cigarette tars, 119

BRBAV'IOR
effect of maternal smoking on chil-
  dren, 159
BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL
self-administration of nicotine, 179
BENZ(a)AN?DRACENES
carcinogenicity, 95
in tobacco smoke, 95
BENZOPLUORANTB&BS
carcinogenicity, 95
in tobacco smoke, 95
BENZO(~$,J~PERYLBNB
cocarcinogenicity, 96
in tobacco smoke, 96
BENZO(c)PBBNANTBBENE
carcinogenicity, 95
in tobacco smoke, 95
BENZO(a)PYRENE
carcinogenicity, 86-87, 95
health effects in fetus, research re-
  commendations, 159
metabolic activation, 90
BENZO(a)PYRBNE CONTENT
in cigarettes (1955-1980), 8586

BENZO(a)PYRBNE CONTENT-Con.
in tobacco smoke, 95
BENZO(eWYRBNB
carcinogenicity, 95
cocareinogenicity, 98
in tobacco smoke, 95-96
BIOASSAY
(See a-k ANIMAL MODELS)
in assessment of health risks of
  lower tar and nicotine cigarettes,
   14
cigarette smoke components, re-
  search recommendations, 58
mouse skin assay for lung neo-
  Ph+sms, 84-85
BIRTB WEIGBT
effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
  arettes, 159
effect of maternal smoking, 158
BLADDER NEOPLASMS
animal models, 41
aromatic amines and, 41, 94-95
carcinogens and mutagens in cigar-
  ette smoke, 41, 97
BLOOD CBBMICAL ANALYSIS
recommendations for cliical testing
  facilities, 184
BLOOD PLATELETS
effect of nicotine, 118
BLOOD PRESSURE
effect of nicotine, 117
BLOOD Y
effect of nicotine, 117
effect of tobacco antigens on en-
  dothelium, 119
BREAST PBEDING
(.% alao LACTATION)
recommended reseamh on maternal
  smoking and, 168
Bronchial epithelium &c TBACBEO-
  BRONCHLAL BPITBBLWM
BRONCBITIS
(see ah CRRONIC 0BsTRum
  LUNG DISBASB)
effect of filtered cigarettes on mor-
   tality risk, 140-141
smoking and, 185186

CADMIUM
hypertension and, 119
CADMIUM CONTENT
in cigarette smoke, 97


INDEX

Cancer See NEOPUSMS
CARBON MONOXIDE
(See aleo CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN)
animal models of cardiovascular ef-
  fects, 46

in cardiovascular disease etiology,
118

in coronary heart disease etiology,
10

effect on heart function, 118
effect on myocardium, 118
effect on pregnancy, 46-47
exercise-induced angina and, 48
health effects, research recommenda-
tions, 57

health effects in fetus, research re-
  commendations, 163169
CARBON MONOXIDE CONTENT
(See aleo CARBOXYHEMWLOBIN
  -W

in alveoli, effect of lower tar and
nicotine cigarettes, 181
correlation with tar yield, 299, 211
factors influencing yield in main-
stream smoke, 10
in filtered vs. nonfiltered cigarettes,
9M7, 119-120

reduction of in cigarettes, Public
  Health Service recommendations,
   201
CARBOXYIIBMOGLOBIN
(See a&o CARBON MONOXIDE)
in cardiovascular disease etiology,
   118
CARBOXYHBMOGLOBIN LEVEIS
(See ulao CARBON MONOXIDE
  CONTENT)
effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
  arettes, 181-182
CARCINOGENBSIS
(See ah MUTAGENESIS)
"bay" region theory, 96
induced by lower tar and nicotine
  cigarettes, 8889
recommendations for research on
  lower tar and nicotine cigarettes,
   99-101
role of nicotine, 91-93
role of smok&nduced microsomal
  oxidase activity, 48
transplacental carcinogenesis, 9899
value of mutagenesis assays in pre-
  diction of, 4243

CA.RCINOGENBSIS-Con.
value of sebaceous gland suppression
  assay in prediction of, 43
CARCINOGENS
(see u-!ao cocARcmoGENs; Mu-
  TAGENS)

benzo(a)pyrene, 36-37
binding to proteins, 9&91
formation and activation in vivo,
89-93

in gas phase of cigarette smoke, 9%
94

lung carcinogens in cigarette smoke,
3541

maternal-fetal exchange of cigarette
smoke components, 98-99
metabolic activation by mixed func-
tion oxidase systems, 89
nicotine, 39, 91-93
nitrosamines, 37, 49
organ-specific agents in particulate
phase, 94, 9'7

in particulate phase of tobacco
smoke, 94-95

polonium-210, 46
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
36-37,93-94

prediction of activity by mutagene-
sis assay systems, 42-43
prediction of activity by sebaceous
gland suppression test, 43
t.obacco flavor additives, 99
weak acids, 38

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
(See dao CORONARY DISEASE)
animal models of sudden death, 44,
   46

carbon monoxide in etiology of, 118
effect of lower tar and nicotine ci-
  garettes on risk, summary of
  findings, 19-20, l!25-126
effect of smoking on risk, 115117
research recommendations, 120-125
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
(See alao BBART FUNCTION;
  BEART RATE)

effect of carbon monoxide, 46
effect of lower nicotine cigarettes
on function, 118
effect of nicotine on function, 117-
118

CATECHOL CONTENT
in tobacco smoke, 96

241


INDEX

CATECHOLS

carcinogenicity, 98
cocarcinogenicity, 68, 96
CATECHOLAMINE LEVELS
effect of nicotine, 117-118
CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS
(See a&w CARDIOVASCULAR DI-
  SEASES)

effect of filtered cigarettes on mor-
tality, 119

CESSATION OF SMOKING
(See ah EX-SMOKERS; REDUC-
  TION OF SMOKING)
effect on coronary heart disease
  risk, 115-116

effect on neoplasm risk, 89
males vs. females, 214
recommended programs for pregnant
women, 162-162
recommended research on pregnancy
and, 162166

relationship of tar and nicotine yield
  to cessation attempts, 223-226
role of lower tar and nicotine cigar-
  ettes, 186,~226
role of lower tar and nicotine cigar-
  ettes, summary of findings, 24,
   22%230
CHILDREN

(See also NEONATE)
effect of maternal smoking on
  health, 156159
effect of maternal smoking on phy-
  sical, intellectual, and emotional
  development, 159
effect of maternal smoking, sum-
  mary of findings, 21-22, 170
effect of parental smoking on
  health, E&L159
CHROMOSOMES
(See also MUTAGENESIS)
aberrations in smokers vs. nonsmok-
  ers, 48

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DI-
SEASE

(See also BRONCHITIS; EM-
PHYSEMA)

animal models, 43-44
effect of lower tar cigarettes on
risk, 11-12

effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
arettes on risk, summary of find-
ings, 29-21, 146149

242

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG
DISEASE-Con.

lower tar and nicotine cigarettes in
etiology of, research recommenda-
tions, 142-148

smoking characteristics and, 129
smoking in etiology of, 11-12, 135-
136

smoking in etiology of, summary of
  findings, 20-21, 146149
CHRYSENE

carcinogenicity, 95
CBRYSENE CONTENT
in tobacco smoke, 95
CIGARETI'E PAPER
effect of porosity on smoke composi-
  tion, 50

Cigarette smoke See SMOKE, CIGAR

Cigarette smoke+ gas phree See GAS
PHASE, CIGARETTE SMOKE
Ciearette rpaoLe, partidate phe See
PARTICULATE PHASE, CIGA&
ETI'E SMOKE

Cigarette smoking See SMOKING
Cigamttetus&eTARS,CIGARElTE
CIGARETI'E VENTILATION
effect on smoke composition, 50
CIGABEllW3

benzo(u)pyrene content (1955-1980),

consumption trends, 80
correlation between carbon monox-
ide yield and tar yield, 209, 211
correlation between nicotine yield
and tobacco weight, 299-210
correlation between tar yield and
nicotine yield, 206, 206-210
correlation between tar yield and
tobacco weight, XW-210, 212
development of optimum tar to ni-
cotine ratios, 184185
effect of butt and overwrap lengths
on tar and nicotine yields, 211
effect of product design on smoke
composition, 49-50
federal regulation of, 6, 201
monitoring smoke components in
new products, 52

nicotine yields of U.S. brands (1978-
1979), 23ce34

recommendations for research cigar-
ettes, 164-185


INDEX

CIGAREITES-Con.
tar yields of U.S. brands (1973
  1979), 230-234

trends in daily consumption, 213-214
trends in per capita consumption,
213-216

CIGAREWES, FILTRRED
(se5 ah FILTERS)
carbon monoxide content, 9697
effect on bronchitis mortality risk,
   140-141

effect on cardiovascular disease risk,
summary of findings, 20, 126
effect on cerebrovascular disorder
mortality, 119

effect on coronary heart disease
morbidity and mortality, 119l26
effect on cough prevalence, 140
effect on laryngeal neoplasm risk,

effect on lung neoplasm risk, 8285
nicotine yields of U.S. brands (1973
1979), 230-234

nitrogen oxide content, 97
recommendations for research cigar-
ettes, 184

tar yields of U.S. brands (1973
1979) 23&2&I

use trends, 201
CIGAREITES, HIGH-NICOTINE
demographic characteristics of users,
   219

effect on pancreatic elsstase levels
in dogs, 4445

CIGARElTES. HIGH-TAR
demographic characteristics of users,
   217-218

use trends in males vs. females,
217-219

CIGARETES, LOWER TAR AND
NICOTINE

sssessment of relative health risks,
8-15

behavioral and economic factors af-
fecting use, 182
carcinogenicity, 83-89
carcinogenicity, summary of find-
ings, 18-19, 101-102
in chronic obstructive lung disease
etiology, research recommenda-
tions, 142-148

compensatory smoking behavior, 73,
52, 57, 86, 97-98, 119, 177, HO-
182

CIGARElTES, LOWER TAR AND
NXCOTINJLCon.
determination of physical and chem-
  ical properties of smoke, research
  recommendations, 55-56
development of research cigarettes,
  58-59,134-185

effect on antitrypsin activity, 137-
133

effect on biihweight, 158
effect on cardiovascular disease risk,
research recommendations, l2O-
125

effect on cardiovascular disease risk,
summary of findings, N-20, l25
126

effect on chronic obstructive lung
disease risk, 11-12
effect on chronic obstructive lung
disease risk, summary of findings,
20-21, 148-149

effect on coronary heart disease
mortality, 119-120
effect on coronary heart disease
risk, 9-11, 1X-117
effect on elastase activity, 137-138
effect on lung function, research re-
commendations, 144-146
effect on lung neoplasm morbidity
and mortality rates, 79
effect on lung neoplasm mortality
risk, 8135

effect on mortality rate, E-13
effect on pregnancy, 12, 159
effect on pregnancy and infant
health, research recommendations,
160-162, X9-170
effect on pregnancy and infant
health, summary of findings, 21-
2z& 170

effect on tracheobronchial epitheli-
urn, 87-88, `142

market trends, 80, 199-212
product choice and use, summary of
findings, Z-24, 223-236
recommendations for carcinogenesis
research, 99-101

research recommendations from the
Working Meeting on Low-Yield
Cigarettes (June 1980), 24-26
role in cessation of smoking, sum-
mary of findings, 24, -230
role in cessation or reduction of
smoking, 183

243


INDEX

CIGARRITES, LGWER TAR AND
NICOTINE

role in initiation, maintenance, and
cessation of smoking, summary of
findings, 22, 186
role in initiation of smoking habit,
182183

role in maintenance of smoking ha-
bit, 183

use in male vs. female adolescents,
183

use trends, 199-223
CIGARRITES, LOW-NICOTINE
compensatory smoking behavior, 177,
   18&182

demographic characteristics of users,
219

effect on cardiovascular function,
118

compensatory smoking behavior, re-
search recommendations, 57
role in cessation of smoking, Z%
228

trends in sales-weighted average,
2oiRo8

use trends, 177, 219221
CIGARRITES. LOW-TAR
compensatory smoking behavior, 7-8,
  177, 189-182
definition, 295
demographic characteristics of users,
   217-218

effect of compensatory smoking on
chronic obstructive lung disease
risk, 149

effect on chronic obstructive lung
disease risk, 11-12
effect on coronary heart disease
risk, 9-11

effect on lung function, 139-149
effect on lung neoplasm risk, 9
effect on neoplasm risk, 89
effect on sputum production, 139
149

health effects of side&ream smoke,
research recommendations, 56
market trends, 29-292, 295-206
role in cessation of smoking, 22%
228

trends in sales-weighted average,
206208

use trends in adolescents, 226-222
use trends in males vs. females,
217-221

244

CIGARRITE& LOW-TAR-Con.
yield of non-tar constituenta, 7-8
CIGARETTES MRDIUM-N'ICOTINE
recommendations for use, 98, 186
research recommendations, 53
CIGARRITE& NON-NICOTINE
attitudes of smokers, 177
CIGARETTRS NONTORACCO
effect of nicotine content on pr+
  duct use, 177

CJLL4RY ACTIVITY
(See &so PULMONARY CLEAR
  ANCE)

determination of ciliatoxic smoke
  components, 57
effect of cigarette smoke, 47
cocARcINoGENs
@c-e do CARCINOGENS: MUTA-
  GENS)
catechol, 38
nicotine, 39-49. 94
in particulate phase of tobacco
  smoke, 94, 96
phenols, 33
weak acids, 38

Compensatory tanking See SMOKING
cHAB.A-cs
CORONARY DISEASE
(See c&o CARDIOVASCUIAR DE
  !3EAsEs)

carbon monoxide in etiology of, 10
effect of filtered cigarettes on mor-
bidity and mortality, 11%I29
effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
arettes on mortality, 119l29
effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
arettes on risk, 9-11, 116117
effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
arettes on risk, summary of find-
ings, 19-29, 125-l.%
effect of lower tar cigarettes on
risk, 9-11

effect of smoking on risk, 910,
115-117

Multiple Risk Factor Intervention
  Trial (MRFIT), I22
risk in ex-smokem, 115-116
Coronary heat disease See CORO-
NARY DISEASE
COUGH

(See d-so RESPIRATORY SYMP-
TOMS)

effect of filtered cigarettea on pre-
valence, 140


CYANIDE CONTENT
in cigarette smoke, 94

DEMOGIUPBIC VARIABLES
(See u&m SEX RATIO)
high- vs. low-nicotine cigarette
  users, 219

high- vs. low-tar cigarette users,
217-218

mean daily dose of tar and nicotine
in smokers by race, sex, and age,
219-226

use of high- vs. low-tar cigarettes
in smokers by educational level,
218

use of high- vs. low-tar cigarettes
  in smokers by income level, 218
DIBENZACRIDINES
carcinogenicity, 95
in tobacco smoke, 95
DIBENZ(a,Jr)ANTBRACENE
carcinogenicity, 95
in tobacco smoke, 95
DIBENZO(c,g)CARBAZOLE
carcinogenicity, 95
in tobacco smoke, 95
DIBENZOPYRENES
carcinogenicity, 95
in tobacco smoke, 95

Educational level See DEMOGRAPBIC
VARIABLES
ELASTASE

effect of cigarette smoke on levels,
137-138

effect of high-nicotine cigarette
smoke on levels in dogs, 4445
role in emphysema etiology, 4344,
137-138

EMPHYSEMA
(see ah0 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
  LUNG DISEASE)
animal models, 142
biochemical markers in early detec-
  tion of, 139

cigarette smoke in etiology of, 4344
etiology, 43-44, 137-138
induced by smoke inhalation in ani-
mals, 43, 142

nitrogen oxides in etiology of, 138-
139

smoking and, 135-136
smoking in etiology of, 137-139

Endothetinm S'ce BLOOD VESSELS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(See also OCCUPATIONAL EXPO-
  s=)

interaction with smoking, research
  recommendations, 56-57
ENZYME ACTIVITY
(Se &o ARYL HYDROCARBON
  BYDROXYLASE; ELASTASE;
  OXIDASE ACTMTY)
effect of cigarette smoke on elas-
  tase, 137-138

effect of cigarette smoke on micro-
somal oxidases, 47-48
effect of high-nicotine cigarette
smoke on elastase levels in dogs,
4445

role in metabolic activation of carci-
nogens, 89

role of elsstase in emphysema etiol-
  ogy, 4&u, 137-138
ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS
animal models, 42-43
carcinogens in particulate matter of
  cigarette smoke, 97
induced by nitrosonornicotine in
  rata, 41-42

smoking and alcohol consumption in
  etiology of, 42
EX-SMOKERS
(See &so CESSATION OF SMOK-
  ING)

coronary heart disease risk, 115-116

FATN ACIDS
effect of nicotine on levels in blood,
   117

FETAL MORTALITY
(See &UI PERINATAL MORTALI-
  J-V

effect of maternal smoking, 158
FETUS

effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
arettes, 159

effect of maternal smoking, 157-159
effect of maternal smoking, research
  recommendations, 159-170
Filtmed cigarettes See CIGARETTES,
  FILTERED
FILTERS

(See also CIGARETTES,
FILTERED)
effect on carbon monoxide delivery,
119120

INDEX


INDEX

FILTERS-Con.
effect on smoke composition, 59
perforated type, 97
Forced expiratmy volume See LUNG
FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY
FUNCTION TESTS
Forced vital capacity See LUNG
FUNCTION; RESPIRATORY
FUNCTION TESTS
GAS PHASE, CIGARKITE SMOKE
(See deo SMOKE, CIGAREITE)
carcinogens, 98-94
toxic components, 88
GENETICS

effect on cigarette smoke pharma-
cology, research recommendations,
55

use in modification of cigarette
smoke composition, 50

BEALTB EDUCATION
public awareness of health hazards
  of smoking, 200-202
BEART FUNCTION
effect of carbon monoxide, 118
effect of nicotine, 117
BEART RATE
effect of nicotine, 117
BETEROCYCLIC NITROGEN COM-
POUNDS
carcinogenicity, 97
in cigarette smoke, 94, 97
BUMECTANTS
(See also TOBACCO ADDITIVES;
  TOBACCO FLAVOR)
in cigarettes, 51-52
HYPERTENSION
cadmium and, 119

IMMUNE SYSTEM
effect of smoking, 48
INDOLES
cocarcinogenicity, 96
in tobacco smoke, 96
INFANT MORTALITY
(See cdao PERINATAL MORTALI-
  W
effect of maternal smoking on sud-
  den infant death syndrome risk,
   158-159

246

Infant, newborn (%I month) See NEO
NATE

Inhalation See SMOKING CBARAC-
TERIsTIcs

-AL DEVJ3LOPMENT
effect of maternal smoking on chil-
  dren, 159

KIDNEY NEOPLASMS
carcinogens in particulate phase of
  cigarette smoke, 97

LACTATION

(&e also BREAST FEEDING)
recommended research on maternal
  smoking and, 156
LARYNGEAL NEOPLASMS
animal models, 41
effect of filtered cigarettes on risk,

induced by cigarette smoke inhala-
  tion in hamsters, 41
induced by nitrosamines in ham-
  sters, 41
LEGISLATION

federal regulation of tobacco indus-
try, 2Jx

bwer nicotine cigarettes See CIGAR
ElTES, LOWER TAR AND NICO-
TINE: CIGARETTES, LOW-NICO-

Lower tar cigarettea See CIGAR-
J!XTES. LOWER TAR AND NICO
TINE: CIGAREITES LOW-TAR
LUNG FUNCTION
(See also PULMONARY CLEAR-
  ANCE; RESPIRATORY FUNC-
  TION TESTS)
effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
  arettes, research recommenda-
  tions, 144-148

effect of smoke inhalation in rats,
43

effect of smoking, 188
effect of tar yield, X39-140
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 141
LUNG NEOPLASMS
animal models, 8449
carcinogens in cigarette smoke, 85-

41, 97

cigarette tar in etiology of, 79
effect of filtered cigarettes on risk,


INDEX

LUNG NEOPLASMS-Con.
effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
  arettes on morbidity and mortali-
  ty rates, 79

effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
arettes on risk, summary of find-
ings, 18-19, 101-192
effect of lower tar cigarettes on
risk, 9

effect of smoking on risk, 9
effect of tar and nicotine content
  on mortality risk, 81-85
LUNGS

small airway pathology in smokers,
138

MATERNALFETAL EXCDANGE
animal models of transplacental car-
  cinogen&s, 47

cigarette smoke carcinogens, 9399
Maternal smoking See SMOKING,
MATERNAL

Maximum midexpiratory flow mea-
surements See LUNG FUNCTION;
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
TESTS

Mixed fmction oxidasea See OXIDASE
ACTIVITY
MORBIDITY

dose-response relationship between
  smoking and disease, 63
MORTALITY

(See dso FETAL MORTALPrY; IN-
FANT MORTALITY; PERINA-
TAL MORTALITY)
cardiovascular diseases, effect of fil-
tered cigarettes on risk, 119-120
effect of lo! er tar and nicotine cig-
arettes, U-13

MUTAGENESIS
(see uzso cARCINOGENES1s;
  CHROMOsoMES)
sister chromatid exchange in smok-
  ers vs. nonsmokers, 48
value of assays in prediction of car-
  cinogenic potential, 4243
MUTAGENS

(See also CARCINOGENS; COCAR-
CINOGENS)
in cigarette smoke, 3733
tobacco flavor additives, 99
in urine in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
41

MYOCARDIIJM
effect of carbon monoxide, 118

NAP-
in bladder neoplasm etiology, 41
NEONATE

effect of maternal smoking, 153-159
effect of maternal smoking, research
  recommendations, 159-170
effect of maternal smoking, sum-
  mary of findings, 21-22, 170
NEOPIASMS

effect of cessation of smoking on
risk, 80

effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
arettes on risk, summary of find-
ings, 1319, 101-102
effect of lower tar cigarettes on
risk, 80

smoking in etiology of, 79311
NICREL CONTRNT
carcinogenicity, 97
in cigarette smoke, 97
NICOTINE

animal models of tolerance and phy-
sical dependence, 179
animal models of nicotine use, 173
179

cocarcinogenicity, 39-40, 94
effect on blood platelets, 118
effect on cardiovsscular function,
117-118

effect on catecholamine levels, 117
effect on cortisol secretion, 117-118
effect on fatty acid levels in blood,
117

effect on pregnancy, 4ti7
evaluation of health effects, re-
  search recommendations, 54
health effects in fetus and child, re-
  search recommendations, 163
intravenous and oral exposure in
  smokers, 177-178
role in carcinogenesis, 39, 91-93
role in maintenance of smoking ha-
  bit, 177-180, 183
self-administration in animals, 179
NICOTINR CONTENT
in blood, effect of lower tar and
  nicotine cigarettes, 181-182
cessation of smoking attempts and,
   22sB3

in cigarettes, development and vali-
dation of analytical methods, 53

247


NICOTINE CONTENT-Con.
cigarettes in the United States
  (19x%-1979), 239-234
correlation with tar yield, 206, 2@-
   210

NUCLEIC ACIDS
binding of aromatic amides and
  amines, 91

correlation with tobacco weight per
cigarette, 299-210
effect of puffing profile on yield,
210-211

effect of smoking characteristics on
yield, 216211

effect on daily cigarette consump
tion, Z2-225

INDEX

effect on lung neoplasm mortality
risk, 81-85

mean daily dose in smokers by race,
  sex, and age, 219-229
percentage distribution of smokers
  by nicotine yield, 219, 221
relationship to nitrosamine content
  in tobacco smoke, 39
NICOTINE REDUCTION
Public Health Service recommenda-
  tions, 2cHL201

NITRATE CONTENT
Znitropropane in cigarette smoke,
   94

NITROGEN OXIDE CONTENT
in cigarettes with perforated filter
  tips, 97

NITROGEN OXIDES
in emphysema etiology, 133139
NlTRosAMINE CONTENT
in cigarette smoke, 3'7, 94-95, 97
in tobacco, 37
reduction of in cigarette smoke, 40,
   95-96

relationship to nicotine content in
  tobacco smoke, 39
NITROSAMINES
carcinogenicity, 37, 49, 91-92, 97
carcinogenicity in animals, 95-93
in esophageal neoplasm induction in
  rata, 4142

formation in cigarette smoke, 40
formation in tobacco and tobacco
smoke, 95

formation in vivo, 40, 92-93, 95-96
in laryngeal neoplasm induction in
hamsters, 41

in pancreatic neoplasm induction in
hamsters, 42

NITROSOMETBYLUREA
in neoplasm induction in animals, 92

Oha&uctive airway flimafm See
BRONCBITIS; CHRONIC OB
STRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE;
RMPIIYSEMA
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
(see ah0 ENVIRONMENTAL POL
  LUTION)
interaction with smoking, research
  recommendations, 56-57
ORAL NEOPLASM!3
animal models, 42
smoking and alcohol consumption in
  etiology of, 42
OXIDASE ACllVlTY
effect of cigarette smoke on micro-
  somal oxidases, 47-43
role in carcinogenesis, 43, 39
PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS
animal models, 42-43
carcinogens in particulate phase of
  cigarette smoke, 97
induced by diisopropylnitrosamine in
  rata, 42
hrental amking See SMOKING, PA-
  RENTAL
PARTICULATE PHASR, CIGARElTE
  SMOKE
(See aleo SMOKE, CIGARKITE;
  SMOKE, TOBACCO; TARS, CIG
  mm)
carcinogens, 94-95, 97
cocarcinogens, 94. 96
toxic components, 33-34
PASSIVE SMOKING
(See ah SMOKE STREAMS)
h&&h effects of lower tar and nit+
  tine cigarettes, research recom-
  mendations, 56, 53
public attitudes toward health ef-
  fects, 204
Peak expiratory fbw meammmnta
See LUNG FUNCl'ION; RRSPIRA-
  TORY FUNCTION TESTS
PERINATAL MORTALITY
(See also INFANT MORTALITY)
effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
   arettes on risk, 159
effect of maternal smoking, 153
risk factors. 153

248


INDEX

PRENOIS

carcinogenicity, 96
cocarcinogenicity, 96
PLACENTA

effect of maternal smoking, 157-156
effect of maternal smoking, research
  recommendations, X4-165
PoL4mruM-210
carcinogenicity, 40, 97
formation in cigarette smoke, 49
formation in tobacco, 40
PoLoNnJM-210 CONTENT
in cigarette smoke, 97
reduction of in tobacco, 46
Polycyclic aromatic hydroaarbona See
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
PRKGNANCY

(See also FETUS; NEONATE)
animal models of maternal smoking
and, 167

effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
arettes, rz, 159

effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
arettes, research recommenda-
tions, 169-162, W-170
effect of maternal smoking, 46-47,
157-159

effect of maternal smoking, sum-
  mary of findings, 21-22, 170
effect of maternal smoking, research
  recommendations, 159-170
perinatal projects, 161
recommended research on smoking
  cessation and, 162-169
PREMATURITY
effect of maternal smoking on risk,
   158
PRGTRINS

binding of carcinogens, 9691
Puffing pan-am&era See SMOKING
cHARAcTERIsTIcs
PULMONARYCLEARANCE
(See abo CILIARY ACllVlTY;
  LUNG FUNCIION)
effect of cigarette smoke, 47
Pulmonary function See LUNG FUNC-
TION

Racial groups See DRMOGRAPIIIC
VARLWLES

RRDUCTION OF SMOKING
(See duo CESSATION OF SMOK-
  ING)

REDUCTION OF SMOKING-Con.
role of lower tar and nicotine cigar-
  ettes, 166

RRSPIRATGRY FUNCTION TESTS
(See also LUNG FUNCTION)
in early detection of lung disease,
  43, 141

RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS
(See ala COUGH)
effect of tar yield, 139-146

SEX RATIO

(See also DEMOGRAPHIC VARIA-
BJ.JW

cessation of smoking, 214
smoking habit in the United States,
211-214

use trends for high- and low-tar
  cigarettea, 217-219
use trends for lower tar cigarettes
  among adoleacenta, Z?
SMOKE, CIGARFTIE
(See also GAS PHASE, CIGAR-
  ElTE SMOKE; PARTICULATR
  PHASE, CIGAREITR SMOKE;
  SMOKE SW; SMOKE,
  TOBACCO)

analysis of components, research re-
commendations, 52-59
animal models of reduced carcino-
genicity, 94

bioasaays of selected components, re-
search recommendations, 59
in chronic obetructive lung dii
etiology, 149-144
determination of toxicity, research
recommendations, 52-59
development of analytical methods,
56 l24

effect of agricultural practices on
composition, 51
effect of cigarette design on compo-
sition, 49-50

effect of filters on composition, 56
effect of tobacco additives on com-
pceition and activity, 51-52
effect of tobacco curing on compasi-
tion, 51

effect of tobacco process' ing on com-
position, 51

effect of tobacco varieties on com-
position, 56
effect of ventilation on composition,
50

249


INDEX

SMOKR, CIGARETl'B-Con.
effect on ciliary activity, 47
effect on pulmonary clearance, 47
in emphysema etiology, 4344
formation of components, 33
lung carcinogens, 3541
metabolism of carcinogenic compo-
  nents, 89-93

monitoring components in new pro
ducts, 53

monitoring relative vs. absolute
yields of components, 54-55
mutagenic vs. carcinogenic compo-
nents, 37-38

pharmacology and toxicology, sum-
mary of findings, 1618, 59-61
yield of constituents in lower tar
products, 7-8

SMOKE INHALATION
in emphysema induction in rats, 43
in laryngeal neoplasm induction in
  hamsters, 41

SMORE STREAMS
(See al-m SMOKE, CIGARElTE;
  SMOKE, TOBACCO)
health effects of sidestream smoke
  from lower tar and nicotine cig-
  arettes, 56, 58

SMORR, TOBACCO
pharmacology and toxicology, sum-
  mary of findings, 1618, 5961
SMOKERS VS. EXSMOKERS
attitudes toward health hazards of
  smoking, 263

SMOKERS VS. NONSMOKERS
attitudes toward health effects of
  passive smoking, 294
chromosomal aberrations, 48
coronary heart disease risk, 115
lung function, 141
mutagens in urine, 41
sister chromatid exchange, 48
small airway pathology, 138
tracheobronchial epithelium, 8788
SMOKING

(See also SMOKE. CIGAREPI'E;
SMORB INIIALATION; SMORE,
TOBACCO; SMOKING, MATER-
NAL; SMORING, PARENTAL)
in chronic obstructive lung disease
etiology, 135136
effect on cardiovascular disease risk,
115117

250

SMOKING-Con.
effect on coronary heart disease
  risk, 115-117

SMOKING ANB BEALTII
dose-response relationship between
  smoking and morbidity, 6-8
public attitudes toward health ef-
  fects of smoking, 202-264
public awareness of health effects
  of smoking, 266-262
recommendations for clinical testing
  facilities for smokers, 184
Smoking behavior See SMOKING
CHARACTERISTICS
SMOKING CHARA-CS
accuracy of smoking machines in rc+
  production of, 49, 186, 185
compensatory smoking behavior with
  lower tar and nicotine cigarettea,
  7-8, 52, 57, 86, w-98, 119, 177,
   186-182

compensatory smoking behavior,
summary of findings, 22, 186
effect of compensatory smoking be-
havior on obstructive airway di-
sease risk, 146

effect on acute airway reaponse to
smoke inhalation, 139
effect on tar and nicotine yields,
216-211

effect on yield of cigarette smoke
constituents, 49

research recommendations, 53-54
SMOKING IIABIT
age at onset by tar and nicotine
  yield, 221-223

behavioral aspecta, summary of find-
ings, 22, 186

effect of alternative modes of nico-
tine exposure, 177-178
effect of tar and nicotine yield on
daily cigarette consumption, 222-
225

males vs. females in the United
Statea, 211-214

role of lower tar and nicotine cigar-
ettes in initiation of, 182183
role of lower tar and nicotine cigar-
ettes in maintenance of, 183
role of nicotine in maintenance of,
177-186, 183

trends in daily cigarette consumg
tion, 86, 213-214


INDEX

SMOKING HABIT-Con.
trends in per capita cigarette and
  tobacco consumption, 219-216
trends in use of lower tar and nico-
  tine products, 199
trends in use of lower tar and nico-
  tine cigarettes, summary of find-
  ings, 22-24, 228-296
SMOKING MACHINES
accuracy in reproducing smoking be-
  havior, 49, 186, 185
design parameters, 49-49, 59
monitoring relative vs. absolute
  yields of smoke components, 54
   55

recommendations for improvement,
185

recommendations for maximum yield
=wh 185

SMOKING, MATERNAL
behavioral studies of pregnant wom-
  en, research recommendations,
   162-163

effect on birthweight, 158
effect on fetal mortality, 158
effect on health of offspring, 158
159

effect on perinatal mortality, 158
effect on physical, intellectual, and
emotional development in chil-
dren, 159

effect on placenta, 157-158
effect on pregnancy, 4647, 157-159
effect on pregnancy and infant
health, research recommendations,
159-170

effect on pregnancy and infant
health, summary of findings, 21-
22, 170

effect on prematurity risk, 158
effect on spontaneous abortion risk,
158

effect on sudden infant death syn-
  drome risk, 158-159
SMOKING, PARENTAL
effect on health of offspring, l!%-
   159

SMOKING SURVEYS
attitudes toward health effects of
  smoking in smokers vs. ex-smok-
  ers, 203

National Clearinghouse on Smoking
and Health surveys, 269

SMOKING SURVEYS-Cm.
National Health Interview Study
  (NHIS), 199-201
public attitudes toward health ef-
  fects of smoking, 202-204
public awareness of health effects
  of smoking, 209-202
Roper Survey on smoking and
  health, 264

use of filtered cigarettes, 201
spirometric meamuementa See LUNG
FUNCI'ION

SPUTUM PRODUCTION
effect of tar yield, 199146

TAR CONTENT
cessation of smoking attempts and,
   2?3-228

cigarettes in the United States
(1978-1979), 230-234
correlation with carbon monoxide
yield. 299, 211
correlation with nicotine yield, 206,
-210

correlation with tobacco weight per
cigarette, 209-210, 212
development of analytical methods,
56, 124

effect of puffing profile on yield,
210-211

effect of smoking characteristica on
yield, 219-211

effect on daily cigarette consump
tion, BY225

effect on lung function, 199-149
effect on lung neoplasm mortality
risk, 81-85

effect on respiratory symptoms,
199-146

effect on sputum production, 19%
146

mean daily dose in smokers by race,
  sex, and age, 21%226
percent distribution of smokers by
  tar yield, 219-222
TAR REDUCTION
effect on coronary heart disease
  risk, CL11

Public Health Service recommenda-
  tions, 299-Xl1
TARS, CIGAREXTR
(see QLSO PARTKXJLATE PHASE,
  CIGARETTE SMORE)
atherosclemis and, 119

251


INDEX

TARS, CIGABBPIT-Con.
in lung neoplasm etiology, 79
TOBACCO ADDITIVES
(.%z also IIUMECTANTS; TOBAC-
  CO FLAVOR)

assessment of health risks, 6, 8
carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of
  flavoring agents, 99
effect on smoke composition, 51-52
flavoring agents, 5152
humectants, 51-52
TOBACCO ANTIGENS
effect on endothelium, 119
TOBACCO CURING
(See aleo AGRICULTURAL PRAC-
  TICES)

effect on cigarette smoke pharma-
  cology, research recommendations,
   55
effect on smoke composition, 51
TOBACCO FLAVOR

TOBACCO FLAVOR-Con.
flavoring agents in cigarettes, 51-52
TOBACCO INDUSTRY
federal regulation of, 6, 291
TOBACCO PROCESSING
effect on smoke composition, 51
TOBACCO VARIBTIW
smoke composition, 50
TRACIIEOBRONCIIIAL EPITBELI-
UM

effect of lower tar and nicotine cig-
  arettes, 87438,142
effect of smoking, 87-88
Tumor initiating agentJJ &see CARCE
NOGENS

TumorpmmotingagentaseecocAR
CINOGENS

URETHANES
content in cigarette smoke, 94

(See ah HUMECTANTS; TOBAC-    VINYL CHLORIDE
CO ADDITIVES)           content in cigarette smoke, 94
carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of    metabolic activation, 98
additives, 99            Vital apacity Sex LUNG PUNCTION

252