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The Francis Crick Papers

Deciphering the Genetic Code, 1958-1966: Documents

[Francis Crick speaking with Seymour Benzer at the Symposium on Nucleic Acids, Hyderabad, India]. [January 1964].
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Metadata Record Crick, Francis. [Notebook entry on] "Action of RNase on Microsomal RNA". Excerpt. Laboratory Notebook. 1 Image. [14-15 February 1958]. pdf (234,494 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. [Notebook entry on] "Effect of RNase on Microsomal RNA". Excerpt. Laboratory Notebook. 4 Images. 17 February 1958. pdf (1,449,483 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. [Notebook entry on] "Repeat of Experiment to Determine Effect of RNase on Microsomal RNA". Excerpt. Laboratory Notebook. 3 Images. 22 February 1958. pdf (884,443 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to James D. Watson. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 5 March 1958. pdf (248,101 Bytes) ocr (4,517 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. [Notebook entry on] "Rate of Hydrolysis of 'Yeast RNA' by Prostatic Acid Phosphatase". Excerpt. Laboratory Notebook. 8 Images. [6-7 March 1958]. pdf (2,937,367 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to James J. Lingane, Harvard University Chemistry Department. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 1 April 1958. pdf (74,784 Bytes) ocr (964 Bytes)
Metadata Record Watson, James D. Letter from James D. Watson to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 12 April 1958. pdf (439,455 Bytes) transcript of pdf
Metadata Record Rich, Alexander. Letter from Alexander Rich to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 4 Images. 2 May 1958. pdf (345,518 Bytes) ocr (6,459 Bytes)
Metadata Record Lederberg, Joshua. Letter from Joshua Lederberg to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 10 December 1958. pdf (851,099 Bytes) transcript of pdf
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "On Protein Synthesis." The Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 12, (1958): 138-163. Article. 13 Images. pdf (2,233,278 Bytes) ocr (70,883 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Joshua Lederberg. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 7 January 1959. pdf (78,198 Bytes) ocr (1,191 Bytes)
Metadata Record [Klug, Aaron]. Letter from Aaron Klug to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 13 February 1959. pdf (181,241 Bytes) ocr (260 Bytes)
Metadata Record Brenner, Sydney. Letter from Sydney Brenner to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 24 March 1959. pdf (642,222 Bytes) transcript of pdf
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Aaron Klug. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 4 April 1959. pdf (1,345,251 Bytes) transcript of pdf
Metadata Record Haldane, John Burton Sanderson. Letter from John Burton Sanderson Haldane to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 6 May 1959. pdf (96,795 Bytes) ocr (2,200 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis, and Sydney Brenner. "Some Footnotes on Protein Synthesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club." Article. Draft. 9 Images. December 1959. pdf (2,153,179 Bytes) ocr (11,708 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "The Present Position of the Coding Problem." The Brookhaven Symposia in Biology 12, (1959): 35-39. Article. 3 Images. pdf (490,455 Bytes) ocr (16,997 Bytes)
Metadata Record Ingram, Vernon M. Letter from Vernon M. Ingram to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 15 March 1960. pdf (185,059 Bytes) ocr (3,604 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Vernon M. Ingram. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 26 March 1960. pdf (125,761 Bytes) ocr (1,652 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Arthur Kornberg. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 10 May 1960. pdf (234,480 Bytes) ocr (3,526 Bytes)
Metadata Record Watson, James D. Letter from James D. Watson to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 27 May 1960. pdf (322,228 Bytes) transcript of pdf
Metadata Record Brenner, Sydney, and Francis Crick. "What Are the Properties of Genetic RNA?: A Note for the RNA Tie Club." Article. 20 Images. May 1960. pdf (3,618,789 Bytes)
Metadata Record Mattison, Berwyn F., and American Public Health Association. Letter from Berwyn F. Mattison, American Public Health Association to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 1 August 1960. pdf (141,038 Bytes) ocr (3,040 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "The Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis" (Korkes Memorial Lecture). Lecture Notes. 3 Images. [1960]. pdf (522,349 Bytes)
Metadata Record Klug, Aaron. Letter from Aaron Klug to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 16 January 1961. pdf (154,310 Bytes) ocr (346 Bytes)
Metadata Record Brenner, Sydney. Letter from Sydney Brenner to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 4 Images. 27 July 1961. pdf (1,074,560 Bytes) transcript of pdf
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Robert L. Sinsheimer. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 9 October 1961. pdf (55,983 Bytes) ocr (889 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Fritz Lipmann. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 16 November 1961. pdf (58,683 Bytes) ocr (755 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Marshall W. Nirenberg. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 16 November 1961. pdf (98,322 Bytes) ocr (92 Bytes)
Metadata Record Lipmann, Fritz. Letter from Fritz Lipmann to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 27 November 1961. pdf (134,947 Bytes) ocr (2,815 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Fritz Lipmann. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 18 December 1961. pdf (165,294 Bytes) ocr (2,365 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis, Leslie Barnett, Sydney Brenner, and R. J. Watts-Tobin. "General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins." Nature 192, 4809 (30 December 1961): 1227-1232. Article. 6 Images. pdf (940,568 Bytes) ocr (32,279 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Jacques Monod. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 31 December 1961. pdf (186,989 Bytes) ocr (2,647 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "DNA." Chapter III in Molecular Genetics and Human Disease, edited by Lytt I. Gardner. Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1961. Pp. 30-45. Article. 8 Images. pdf (1,221,451 Bytes) ocr (36,245 Bytes)
Metadata Record Rich, Alexander, David Davies, Francis Crick, and James D. Watson. "The Molecular Structure of Polyadenylic Acid." Journal of Molecular Biology 3, (1961): 71-86. Article. 18 Images. pdf (1,855,563 Bytes) ocr (42,457 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "Mutagenesis by Acridines in Bacteriophage T4." Lecture Notes. 3 Images. [ca. 1961]. pdf (584,099 Bytes)
Metadata Record Brenner, Sydney, Leslie Barnett, Francis Crick, and Alice Orgel. "The Theory of Mutagenesis" [Editorial letter]. Journal of Molecular Biology 3, (1961): 121-124. Article. Letter (correspondence). 4 Images. pdf (392,524 Bytes) ocr (11,384 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "Cracking the Genetic Code." Draft. Sound Recording. Transcript. 6 Images. 22 January 1962. pdf (542,561 Bytes) ocr (11,670 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Marshall W. Nirenberg. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 29 January 1962. pdf (94,320 Bytes) ocr (1,382 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Arthur Kornberg. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 9 February 1962. pdf (109,590 Bytes) ocr (1,711 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "Towards the Genetic Code." Discovery 22, (March 1962): 8-16. Article. 9 Images. pdf (1,324,042 Bytes) ocr (30,489 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Severo Ochoa. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 21 September 1962. pdf (93,051 Bytes) ocr (1,110 Bytes)
Metadata Record Haldane, John Burton Sanderson. Letter from John Burton Sanderson Haldane to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 25 October 1962. pdf (215,761 Bytes) ocr (167 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to John Burton Sanderson Haldane. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 6 November 1962. pdf (80,918 Bytes) ocr (1,263 Bytes)
Metadata Record Ochoa, Severo. Letter from Severo Ochoa to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 15 November 1962. pdf (116,278 Bytes) ocr (2,111 Bytes)
Metadata Record Nirenberg, Marshall W. Letter from Marshall W. Nirenberg to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 16 November 1962. pdf (60,224 Bytes) ocr (1,377 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Marshall W. Nirenberg. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 5 December 1962. pdf (67,953 Bytes) ocr (24 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Severo Ochoa. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 5 December 1962. pdf (97,928 Bytes) ocr (1,754 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "Properties of Ribosomes." Lecture Notes. 4 Images. [1962]. pdf (940,041 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "On the Genetic Code." Science 139, 3554 (8 February 1963): 461-464. Article. 4 Images. pdf (601,972 Bytes) ocr (22,408 Bytes)
Metadata Record Pauling, Linus. Letter from Linus Pauling to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 18 February 1963. pdf (63,215 Bytes) ocr (1,208 Bytes)
Metadata Record Bhargava, P. M., and Regional Research Laboratory (Hyderabad, India). Letter from P. M. Bhargava, Regional Research Laboratory (Hyderabad, India) to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 6 November 1963. pdf (141,411 Bytes) ocr (3,057 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. [Ready-made reply card to refuse invitations]. Postcard. 1 Image. [ca. 1963]. pdf (40,246 Bytes) ocr (529 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "The Genetic Code for Proteins." Lecture. Summary. 3 Images. [1963]. pdf (310,572 Bytes) ocr (4,588 Bytes)
Metadata Record Perutz, Max F., Francis Crick, John Kendrew, and Frederick Sanger. "The Laboratory of Molecular Biology: Proposals for Extension." Proposal. Report. 17 Images. [1963]. pdf (1,506,235 Bytes) ocr (28,395 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "The Original Plans and the Present Position." Draft. Proposal. Report. 17 Images. [1963]. pdf (3,434,742 Bytes)
Metadata Record Medical Research Council of Great Britain. "Some Aspects of Medical Research: The Genetic Code." Report of the Medical Research Council for the Year 1961-1962. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1963. Pp. 27-33. Excerpt. Report. 7 Images. pdf (719,198 Bytes) ocr (20,551 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "Molecular Genetics: The Ideas." Lecture Notes. 11 Images. [January 1964]. pdf (2,039,148 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Harold Frank Robinson, North Carolina State University Institute of Biological Sciences. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 21 February 1964. pdf (162,540 Bytes)
Metadata Record Weaver, Warren. Letter from Warren Weaver to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 3 Images. 16 June 1964. pdf (245,049 Bytes) ocr (4,399 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Carl C. Lindegren. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 3 July 1964. pdf (200,254 Bytes) ocr (2,995 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Warren Weaver. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 6 July 1964. pdf (93,833 Bytes) ocr (1,687 Bytes)
Metadata Record Lindegren, Carl C. Letter from Carl C. Lindegren to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 20 July 1964. pdf (220,700 Bytes) ocr (5,209 Bytes)
Metadata Record Lerman, Leonard S. Letter from Leonard S. Lerman to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 27 October 1964. pdf (155,524 Bytes) ocr (3,468 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Leonard S. Lerman. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 6 November 1964. pdf (87,477 Bytes) ocr (1,683 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "The Biochemistry of Genetics." Proceedings of the Plenary Sessions, 6th International Congress of Biochemistry. International Congress of Biochemistry (6th, 1964), [1964]. Pp. 109-128. Article. 20 Images. pdf (2,619,481 Bytes) ocr (71,505 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "The Genetic Code." Lecture. Transcript. 17 Images. [1964]. pdf (1,623,676 Bytes) ocr (33,667 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis, and Leslie E. Orgel. "The Theory of Inter-allelic Complementation." Journal of Molecular Biology 8, (1964): 161-165. Article. Letter (correspondence). 5 Images. pdf (455,485 Bytes) ocr (12,561 Bytes)
Metadata Record Rich, Alexander. Letter from Alexander Rich to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 4 January 1965. pdf (80,907 Bytes) ocr (2,015 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Alexander Rich. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. [7 January 1965]. pdf (70,552 Bytes) ocr (1,242 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to James D. Watson. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. [7 January 1965]. pdf (213,546 Bytes) ocr (3,202 Bytes)
Metadata Record Lederberg, Joshua. Letter from Joshua Lederberg to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 24 March 1965. pdf (120,704 Bytes) ocr (2,900 Bytes)
Metadata Record Watson, James D. Letter from James D. Watson to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 31 March 1965. pdf (165,790 Bytes) ocr (3,785 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Joshua Lederberg. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 2 April 1965. pdf (86,769 Bytes) ocr (1,116 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to James D. Watson. Letter (correspondence). 4 Images. 5 April 1965. pdf (502,122 Bytes) ocr (14 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Marshall W. Nirenberg. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 6 April 1965. pdf (176,903 Bytes) ocr (2,114 Bytes)
Metadata Record Khorana, H. Gobind. Letter from H. Gobind Khorana to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 3 Images. 15 April 1965. pdf (216,317 Bytes) ocr (3,700 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Vernon M. Ingram. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 28 April 1965. pdf (86,406 Bytes) ocr (5 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Robert W. Holley. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 29 April 1965. pdf (210,886 Bytes) ocr (3,097 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to H. Gobind Khorana. Letter (correspondence). 3 Images. 29 April 1965. pdf (350,631 Bytes) ocr (5,623 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to James D. Watson and Marshall W. Nirenberg. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 29 April 1965. pdf (196,200 Bytes) ocr (12 Bytes)
Metadata Record Ingram, Vernon M. Letter from Vernon M. Ingram to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 4 May 1965. pdf (71,280 Bytes) ocr (1,125 Bytes)
Metadata Record Yanofsky, Charles. Letter from Charles Yanofsky to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 10 May 1965. pdf (145,889 Bytes) ocr (3,230 Bytes)
Metadata Record Weaver, Warren. Letter from Warren Weaver to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 21 May 1965. pdf (159,561 Bytes) ocr (2,946 Bytes)
Metadata Record Nirenberg, Marshall W. Letter from Marshall W. Nirenberg to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 1 June 1965. pdf (175,932 Bytes) ocr (4,119 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Marshall W. Nirenberg. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 8 June 1965. pdf (115,696 Bytes) ocr (2,611 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Jacques Monod. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 29 September 1965. pdf (103,051 Bytes) ocr (1,668 Bytes)
Metadata Record Monod, Jacques. Letter from Jacques Monod to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 6 October 1965. pdf (60,871 Bytes) ocr (1,228 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Jacques Monod. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 12 October 1965. pdf (84,698 Bytes) ocr (1,324 Bytes)
Metadata Record Monod, Jacques. Letter from Jacques Monod to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 21 October 1965. pdf (62,544 Bytes) ocr (1,124 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "General Nature of the Genetic Code." Chapter III in Selected Topics in Modern Biochemistry: Proceedings of the Robert A. Welch Foundation Conferences on Chemical Research, Vol. 8, edited by W. O. Milligan. Robert A. Welch Foundation Offices, 1965. Pp. 43-65. Article. 12 Images. pdf (1,933,006 Bytes) ocr (62,410 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Marshall W. Nirenberg. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 21 April 1966. pdf (148,339 Bytes) ocr (2,140 Bytes)
Metadata Record Nirenberg, Marshall W. Letter from Marshall W. Nirenberg to Francis Crick. Letter (correspondence). 3 Images. 7 May 1966. pdf (339,224 Bytes) ocr (7,593 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Marshall W. Nirenberg. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. 10 May 1966. pdf (100,665 Bytes) ocr (1,882 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to H. Gobind Khorana. Letter (correspondence). 3 Images. 4 November 1966. pdf (496,264 Bytes) ocr (7,663 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to Robert W. Holley. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 30 November 1966. pdf (170,432 Bytes) ocr (2,634 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "Codon-Anticodon Pairing: The Wobble Hypothesis." Journal of Molecular Biology 19, (1966): 548-555. Article. 8 Images. pdf (553,163 Bytes) ocr (14,294 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "The Genetic Code--Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow." Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 31, (1966): 3-9. Article. 7 Images. pdf (1,197,751 Bytes) ocr (37,645 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. Letter from Francis Crick to H. Gobind Khorana. Letter (correspondence). 2 Images. 9 January 1967. pdf (215,326 Bytes) ocr (3,441 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "Origin of the Genetic Code" [Editorial letter]. Nature 213, ([14 January 1967]): 119. Article. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. pdf (84,415 Bytes) ocr (3,221 Bytes)
Metadata Record Brenner, Sydney, Leslie Barnett, E. R. Katz, and Francis Crick. "UGA: A Third Nonsense Triplet in the Genetic Code." Nature 213, (4 February 1967): 449-450. Article. 2 Images. pdf (391,069 Bytes) ocr (14,563 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "An Error in Model Building" [Editorial letter]. Nature 213, ([25 February 1967]): 798. Article. Letter (correspondence). 1 Image. pdf (69,827 Bytes) ocr (2,467 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "The Croonian Lecture, 1966: The Genetic Code." The Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences 167, (1967): 331-347. Article. Lecture. 17 Images. pdf (1,776,728 Bytes) ocr (46,978 Bytes)
Metadata Record Crick, Francis. "The Origin of the Genetic Code." Journal of Molecular Biology 38, (1968): 367-379. Article. 13 Images. pdf (1,474,495 Bytes) ocr (41,263 Bytes)

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