Brief Chronology
- 1931 --Born Maxine Frank in New York City, February 15
- 1952 --AB with high honors, Swarthmore College; married Daniel Morris Singer, with whom she would have four children
- 1956 --Joined laboratory of nucleic acid biochemist Leon Heppel at the National Institutes of Health
- 1957 --PhD in chemistry from Yale University
- 1958-74 --Research Biochemist at the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases
- 1961-63 --Collaborated with Marshall Nirenberg in deciphering the genetic code
- 1974 --Joined the National Cancer Institute; led scientists in discussion of the hazards of recombinant DNA technology as chairman of the Gordon Conference on Nucleic Acids
- 1975 --Co-organized the Asilomar Conference, at which scientists drew up a framework for proceeding with recombinant DNA research under various safety precautions and restrictions; became chief of the Nucleic Acid Enzymology Section in the Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute
- 1975-80 --Advised NIH Director Donald Fredrickson on drafting safety guidelines and environmental impact statement for recombinant DNA research
- 1979 --Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
- 1980-87 --Chief of the National Cancer Institute's Laboratory of Biochemistry
- 1986 --Elected to membership in the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
- 1988-2002 --President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
- 1992 --Awarded the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest scientific honor
- 2007 --Received the Public Welfare Medal of the National Academy of Sciences
- 2024 --Died at her home in Washington, D.C., July 9