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In this speech Koop recounted his contributions to improving the delivery of enteral nutrition (the delivery of nutrients in liquid form directly into the stomach when oral intake is made impossible by a medical condition) and of parenteral nutrition (delivered intravenously), first in the context of nutrition research he conducted at the University of Pennsylvania during World War II, then as a pediatric surgeon faced with the challenge of feeding newborns with a range of birth defects that impeded the intake of food. He also reflected on the process by which physicians weigh costs, risks, and benefits in converting new medical procedures, such as total parenteral nutrition, from experimental technique to standard medical practice.